Ternary hybrid system of halloysite nanotubes, polyacrylamides and cyclodextrin: an efficient support for immobilization of Pd nanoparticles for catalyzing coupling reaction

Abstract Taking advantage of the properties of polyacrylamide (P), the capability of cyclodextrin (CD) to form inclusion complex and outstanding features of halloysite nanoclay as catalyst support, a ternary hybrid system, Hal-P-CD, was designed and synthesized through growing polyacrylamide on the surface of functionalized halloysite nanotubes followed by introduction of β-cyclodextrin. The hybrid system was successfully used for immobilization of Pd nanoparticles and formation of a heterogeneous catalyst, Pd@Hal-P-CD. The structure of Pd@ Hal-P-CD was confirmed by using SEM/EDS, TEM, XRD, BET, ICP-AES, TGA, FTIR and elemental mapping analysis and its catalytic activity was studied for promoting ligand and copper-free Sonogashira coupling reaction in aqueous media (1:1 mixture of water and ethanol). The results established that Pd@Hal-P-CD could catalyze the coupling reaction to afford the desired products in high yields and short reaction times. Notably, the catalytic activity of Pd@Hal-P-CD was superior to those of Pd@Hal-P and Pd@Hal. The study of the reusability of the catalyst up to 7 reaction runs as well as Pd leaching confirmed the heterogeneous nature of the catalysis and the efficiency of Hal-P-CD for suppressing the Pd leaching. Additionally, this catalyst could also be successfully used for promoting Heck coupling reaction.