journal article·2026-03-01Open access

On the remarkable coercivity in MnBi by microstructural engineering

Andrea Bachmaier, Lukas Weissitsch-Reiner, Martin Kraus, Heinz Krenn, Stefan Wurster

APL Materials· Volume 14· Issue 3

Abstract

MnBi materials with different microstructures were prepared by severe plastic deformation using different processing conditions. The coercivity can be controlled by tuning the grain size, defect density, and the phase distribution of the MnBi in the remaining matrix. A maximum room-temperature coercivity of 1.8 T was achieved. The essential reason for the high coercivity is the size of the MnBi grains magnetically isolated by the matrix. Coercivity decreases as grain size and phase amount increase. Coercivity further declines by annealing despite similar grain size, indicating a declining influence of domain wall pinning and a coercivity mechanism influenced by the microstructure.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Magnetic Properties of Alloys · Shape Memory Alloy Transformations · Magnetic Properties and Applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences 1 , Jahnstrasse 12, Leoben,

Institute of Physics, University of Graz 2 , Universitätsplatz 5, Graz,

Funding

Austrian Science Fund

References (46)

Show source-provided references
1. Study on the critical raw materials for the EU 2023—Final report
2. Rare-earth-free high energy product manganese-based magnetic materials10.1039/c8nr01847b ↗
3. Manganese-based permanent magnet materials10.1016/j.pmatsci.2021.100872 ↗
4. Contribution to the equilibrium phase diagram of the Mn–Bi system near MnBi10.1063/1.1663594 ↗
5. Magnetic properties of MnBi prepared by rapid solidification10.1103/physrevb.46.14578 ↗
6. Anisotropic nanocrystalline MnBi with high coercivity at high temperature10.1063/1.3630001 ↗
7. Structure and magnetic properties of the MnBi low temperature phase10.1063/1.1451306 ↗
8. Magnetic anisotropic effects and electronic correlations in MnBi ferromagnet10.1103/physrevb.90.054404 ↗
9. Mastering hysteresis in magnetocaloric materials10.1098/rsta.2015.0308 ↗
10. Rare-earth magnets: Properties, processing and applications10.1533/9780857096371.4.600 ↗
11. 2008
12. High-performance permanent magnets10.1007/s001140050755 ↗
13. Magnetic multi-granule nanoclusters: A model system that exhibits universal size effect of magnetic coercivity10.1038/srep12135 ↗
14. Heavy rare earth free, free rare earth and rare earth free magnets—Vision and reality10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.01.032 ↗
15. Magnetic materials via high-pressure torsion deformation of powders10.2320/matertrans.mt-mf2022026 ↗
16. Multistep severe plastic deformation to achieve non-rare earth bulk magnets with high α-MnBi phase content10.1080/21663831.2024.2316207 ↗
17. MnBi phase evolution during magnetic field assisted annealing studied by in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.183560 ↗
18. Synthesis of hard magnetic α-MnBi phase by high pressure torsion and field assisted annealing10.1016/j.jmmm.2023.171082 ↗
19. Size determination of superparamagnetic nanoparticles from magnetization curve10.1063/1.3117512 ↗
20. Magnetic granulometry and super-paramagnetism10.1063/1.1722287 ↗
21. New anisotropic MnBi permanent magnets by field-annealing of compacted melt-spun alloys modified with Mg and Sb10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.165860 ↗
22. Magnetic properties of large-scaled MnBi bulk magnets10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.03.067 ↗
23. Processing of MnBi bulk magnets with enhanced energy product10.1063/1.4942955 ↗
24. Anisotropic fully dense MnBi permanent magnet with high energy product and high coercivity at elevated temperatures10.1088/0022-3727/46/6/062001 ↗
25. High-energy-product MnBi films with controllable anisotropy10.1002/pssb.201552075 ↗
26. Electronic structure and maximum energy product of MnBi10.3390/met4030455 ↗
27. 2010
28. Criterion for uniform micromagnetization10.1103/physrev.105.1479 ↗
29. Study of the temperature dependence of coercivity in MnBi10.1016/j.phpro.2015.12.135 ↗
30. Temperature dependences of structure and coercivity for melt-spun MnBi compound10.1016/j.jmmm.2012.10.046 ↗
31. Micromagnetic analysis of the hardening mechanisms of nanocrystalline MnBi and nanopatterned FePt intermetallic compounds10.1088/0953-8984/26/6/064210 ↗
32. Coercivity mechanism and FORC analysis of MnBi-based permanent alloy10.1016/j.jmmm.2020.166600 ↗
33. Engineering microstructure to improve coercivity of bulk MnBi magnet10.1016/j.jmmm.2022.169912 ↗
34. Coercivity enhancement and magnetization process in Mn55Bi45 alloys with refined particle size10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.02.102 ↗
35. Structural modification and ultra-high coercivity of nanostructural anisotropic MnBi/Bi films10.1016/j.actamat.2017.02.012 ↗
36. Rare earth-free hard magnetic microwires10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.04.045 ↗
37. Temperature-dependent first-order reversal curve measurements on unusually hard magnetic low-temperature phase of MnBi10.1103/physrevb.95.024413 ↗
38. 2003
39. Magnetization reversal in nucleation controlled magnets. I. Theory10.1063/1.342054 ↗
40. Micromagnetism and microstructure of hard magnetic materials10.1088/0022-3727/29/9/008 ↗
41. Analysis of the magnetic hardening mechanism in RE-FeB permanent magnets10.1016/0304-8853(88)90202-8 ↗
42. Micromagnetic analysis of pinning-hardened nanostructured, nanocrystalline Sm2Co17 based alloys10.1016/S1359-6462(02)00177-X ↗
43. The impact of dislocations on coercivity in L10-MnAl10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.02.028 ↗
44. Bulk nanostructured materials from severe plastic deformation10.1016/s0079-6425(99)00007-9 ↗
45. Investigation of the indentation size effect through the measurement of the geometrically necessary dislocations beneath small indents of different depths using EBSD tomography10.1016/j.actamat.2008.09.039 ↗
46. Nuclear magnetic resonance study of the easy axis of magnetization in manganese bismuthide10.1143/JPSJ.29.343 ↗