Science and technology of 3D magnetic nanostructures

For nearly half a century, the era of nanoscience was driven by the paradigm that the reduction in dimensions in nanomaterials would provide a deeper understanding of the fundamental building blocks at the atomic and molecular level, resulting in novel material properties, behavior, and utilization in nanotechnologies. Specifically, for magnetic materials, this triggered enormous research efforts in spintronics and magnetic nanostructures. However, about ten years ago, it was realized that the extension of accomplishments from nanoscience and nanotechnology into the third-dimension will not only open new opportunities in magnetic materials1,2 due to additional levels of complexity or phenomena that can only exist in 3D, such as chirality, but will also yield substantial challenges for the synthesis, theory, and characterization of such artificially designed 3D systems. Rapid improvements in fabrication technologies,3–10 theories predicting curvature-driven novel energy terms,11–13 and new types of spin-textures that stabilize due to geometrical effects, unique topology,14 and frustration,15 as well as new experimental approaches to validate 3D spin textures and their behavior emerged. With the development of nanoscale magnetic imaging techniques16–19 that can be characterized even quantitatively, the complete 3D magnetization vector, with a precision down to magnetically relevant lengths and timescales, has helped elucidate the impact of nanoscale curvature19–21 on well-known spin textures as well as demonstrate the existence of new topological spin systems such as Bloch points,22 merons,23 and Hopfions.24..