Soft peripheral nerve interface made from carbon nanotubes embedded in silicone

Electrodes for interfacing implantable electronics and neural tissue are of great importance to gain a better understanding of the nervous system and to help people suffering from impaired body functions due to nerve lesions or lost organ functionality. In particular, neurostimulation techniques for bioelectronic medicine rely on the development of mechanically and electrochemically stable electrodes. While contemporary electrodes are based mainly on metals, new materials are being designed to enhance the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the interface. In this work, a nerve interface based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is fabricated and investigated. The fabrication process relies on the selective vacuum filtration of CNT suspensions through a printed wax pattern. The mechanical and electrochemical stability of the nerve interface was validated by 10 000 stretching cycles up to 20% strain and >4 × 106 biphasic stimulation pulses with 32 μC cm−2 per phase. The feedline resistance and electrode impedance showed only minor alterations after the stress tests. The functionality of the nerve interface was demonstrated by successful stimulation of the central nerve cord of a horse leech applying stimulation conditions within the water window of the CNT/PDMS electrodes. This work shows the practical usability of CNT/PDMS composites as electrodes and feedlines in peripheral nerve interfaces for future neuroprosthetic devices.