Photodegradation Kinetics of Alkyd Paints: The Influence of Varying Amounts of Inorganic Pigments on the Stability of the Synthetic Binder
Source abstract
Abstract
As the effects of climate change pose an increasing risk of damaging outdoor modern and contemporary artworks’ aesthetic appearance by affecting their mechanical properties and chemical-physical stability, understanding the degradation processes attacking these objects is becoming more and more essential to their conservation. For this purpose, the kinetics of photo-oxidation processes occurring in alkyd paints and their stability in mixtures with different inorganic pigments were investigated. The aim was to characterize the different degradation reactions over time and study the photodegradation kinetics according to different pigments and pigment/binder ratios. This paper describes the degradation behavior of artificial ultramarine blue, hydrated chromium oxide green, and cadmium sulfate yellow pigments mixed with alkyd resin and aged under simulated sunlight exposure for a total of 1,008 h. The analytical techniques used offer complementary information on the characterization of the samples and their aging. Specifically, 3D Optical Microscopy allowed studying morphological and color changes. These results were supported by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Colorimetry analyses, also focused on studying the physical and granulometric characteristics of the pigments in relation to the binder degradation. Finally, qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed by Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy. To support the obtained results, Multivariate Analysis of microscopic images was carried out with the aim of studying the degradation effects linked to color and texture changes. The obtained results demonstrate that the degradation processes of alkyd resin are influenced by the presence of the different inorganic pigments used and their concentration in the mixtures. This study should contribute as support to the field of conservation-restoration to find suitable protection strategies for paint surfaces against degradation agents.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis · Building materials and conservation · Conservation Techniques and Studies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (60)
Show source-provided references
1. Photostability and influence of phthalocyanine pigments on the photodegradation of acrylic paints under accelerated solar radiation10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.09.013 ↗
2. Influence of phthalocyanine pigments on the photo-degradation of alkyd artists’ paints under different conditions of artificial solar radiation10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.10.007 ↗
3. The effect of particle size on the light attenuation coefficient of natural suspensions10.1029/jc089ic05p08197 ↗
4. Chemical changes in curing and ageing oil paints
5. Bevilacqua · 2010
6. Spectrochemical characterization by micro-FTIR spectroscopy of blue pigments in different polychrome works of art10.1016/s0924-2031(98)00096-4 ↗
7. IR-change and colour changes of long-oil air drying alkyd paints as a result of UV irradiation10.1016/j.porgcoat.2010.12.002 ↗
8. Data dimensionality reduction and data fusion for fast characterization of green coffee samples using hyperspectral sensors10.1007/s00216-016-9713-7 ↗
9. Colourgrams GUI: a graphical user-friendly interface for the analysis of large datasets of RGB images10.1016/j.chemolab.2019.103915 ↗
10. Chiantore · 2005
11. Raman spectroscopy of green minerals and reaction products with an application in Cultural Heritage research10.1002/jrs.4956 ↗
12. Insight into framework destruction in ultramarine pigments10.1021/ic050903z ↗
13. FTIR study of ageing of fast drying oil colour (FDOC) alkyd paint replicas10.1016/j.saa.2014.03.123 ↗
14. The application of Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy to the study of paint system10.1016/0584-8539(90)80092-D ↗
15. Feller · 1986
16. Fitzhugh · 1997
17. Surface texture characterization of an Italian pasta by means of univariate and multivariate feature extraction from their texture images10.1016/j.foodres.2013.01.044 ↗
18. Effect of particle size on pigments colour10.1002/col.22062 ↗
19. Textural features for image classification10.1109/tsmc.1973.4309314 ↗
20. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and quantitative multivariate analysis of paints and coating materials10.1016/j.saa.2014.05.058 ↗
21. Utilization of vegetable oils in coatings10.1016/0926-6690(92)90005-G ↗
22. The scattering of polarized light by polydisperse systems of irregular particles10.1364/ao.9.001113 ↗
23. Non-invasive and non-destructive examination of artistic pigments, paints, and paintings by means of X-ray methods10.1007/s41061-016-0079-2 ↗
24. Johnston-Feller · 2001
25. Analytical imaging studies of the migration of degraded orpiment, realgar, and emerald green pigments in historic paintings and related conservation issues10.1186/s40494-016-0078-1 ↗
26. Catalogue online
27. Extracting useful information from images10.1016/j.chemolab.201va0.12.002 ↗
28. A technical investigation of paints used by Jackson Pollock in his drip or poured paintings10.1179/sic.2004.49.s2.030 ↗
29. Drying and oxidative degradation of linseed oil10.1016/s0141-3910(99)00020-8 ↗
30. Learner · 2008
31. GLCM, an image analysis technique for early detection of biofilm10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.04.001 ↗
32. Long-term behavior of oil-based varnishes and paints. Photo- and thermooxidation of cured linseed oil10.1007/s11746-000-0042-4 ↗
33. Drier influence on the curing of linseed oil10.1016/s0300-9440(00)00126-0 ↗
34. Texture analysis of pulmonary parenchymateous changes related to pulmonary thromboembolism in dogs–a novel approach using quantitative methods10.1186/s12917-017-1117-1 ↗
35. The influence of pigments and ion migration on the durability of drying oil and alkyd paints
36. Optical Properties and Theory of Color of Pigments and Paints
37. Chemometrics and cultural heritage10.1016/s0169-7439(98)00069-0 ↗
38. Pagnin · 2020
39. Image evaluation with chemometric strategies for quality control of paints10.1016/j.aca.2007.02.009 ↗
40. Artificial aging of acrylurethane and alkyd paints: a micro-ATR spectroscopic study10.1016/s0141-3910(00)00143-9 ↗
41. Accelerated UV ageing studies of acrylic, alkyd, and polyvinyl acetate paints: influence of inorganic pigments10.1016/j.microc.2015.07.009 ↗
42. Rabek · 199510.1007/978-94-011-1274-1 ↗
43. The effects of some common pigments on the photo-oxidation of linseed oil-based paint media10.1179/sic.1980.25.4.145 ↗
44. Photo-catalytic degradation of binding media of ultramarine blue containing paint layers: a new perspective on the phenomenon of "ultramarine disease" in paintings10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.08.002 ↗
45. Chapter I. Jackson pollock’s drip paintings: tracing the introduction of alkyds through non-invasive analysis of mid-1940s paintings10.1039/9781788016384-00001 ↗
46. Rosu · 201610.1007/978-3-319-25196-7 ↗
47. Roy · 1993
48. Color change due to surface state modification10.1002/col.10113 ↗
49. Socrates · 2001
50. PV-GIS: a web based solar radiation database for the calculation of PV potential in Europe
51. Potential of solar electricity generation in the European Union member states and candidate countries10.1016/j.solener.2006.12.007 ↗
52. Sward · 197210.1520/STP500-EB ↗
53. Application of infrared spectroscopy to studies of silicate glass structure: examples from the melilite glasses and the systems Na2O-SiO2 and Na2O-Al2O3-SiO210.1007/bf02871899 ↗
54. Turner · 1979
55. ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy in the region of 500-230cm−1 for identification of inorganic red pigments10.1016/j.saa.2009.03.027 ↗
56. ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy in the region of 550-230cm−1 for identification of inorganic pigments10.1016/j.saa.2009.12.056 ↗
57. Pigment and binder concentrations in modern paint samples determined by IR and Raman spectroscopy10.1002/anie.201713413 ↗
58. Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review10.1186/2193-1801-2-398 ↗
59. Early Viridian pigment composition characterization of a (hydrated) chromium oxide borate pigment10.1179/sic.2009.54.3.149 ↗
60. Prediction of heat build-up of solar reflecting coatings based on physico-chemical properties of complex inorganic colour pigments (CICPs)10.1016/j.porgcoat.2011.02.008 ↗