Recent Advances in Covalent Organic Frameworks for Efficient Lead Ions Remediation: Insights Into Adsorption Mechanism and Environmental Potential
Source abstract
Abstract
ABSTRACT Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) have emerged as highly promising materials in diverse applications, as evidenced by the sharp rise in research publications from 2017–2025. They are particularly attractive for adsorption, water purification, energy storage, and gas sensing. This review focuses on the preparation, structural design, and practical application of COFs for Pb(II) removal, highlighting the importance of functional groups, and pore architecture, in achieving high adsorption performance. Mechanistic insights are provided through advanced spectroscopic techniques, and molecular‐level theoretical simulations, illustrating adsorption pathways. Finally, challenges and future directions for practical environmental applications are highlighted. A common limitation is their susceptibility to hydrolysis that water can cleave the dynamic covalent bonds (e.g., imine, boronate ester), causing framework collapse and a loss of adsorption capacity is also discussed in this review. This review also discusses the challenges that must be addressed for the practical application of COFs in environmental remediation.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Covalent Organic Framework Applications · Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal · Advanced oxidation water treatment
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Chemistry Emerson University Multan (EUM) Multan Pakistan
State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
Institute of Chemistry Islamia University Bahawalpur Bahawalpur Pakistan
Water Management & Treatment Technologies Institute Sustainability & Environment Sector King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) Riyadh Saudi Arabia
Chemistry Department Faculty of Science and Arts Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University Tokat Turkey
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences College of Applied Medical Sciences King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
Funding
King Khalid University
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Heavy Metal Pollution in Drinking Water‐A Global Risk for Human Health: A Review
2. 10.1016/S0140‐6736(17)32345‐010.1016/S0140‐6736(17)32345‐0 ↗
3. Wilson D. C. · 2015
4. 10.1007/s40726‐019‐00131‐610.1007/s40726‐019‐00131‐6 ↗
5. 10.3389/fmicb.2022.98189610.3389/fmicb.2022.981896 ↗
6. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.13301010.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133010 ↗
7. 10.21926/aeer.210403310.21926/aeer.2104033 ↗
8. 10.4103/INJMS.INJMS_30_1810.4103/INJMS.INJMS_30_18 ↗
9. 10.1080/15275922.2012.72901010.1080/15275922.2012.729010 ↗
10. 10.1007/978-3-031-37327-5_1010.1007/978-3-031-37327-5_10 ↗
11. 10.1016/j.clet.2021.10031810.1016/j.clet.2021.100318 ↗
12. 10.1126/science.112041110.1126/science.1120411 ↗
13. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.13208110.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132081 ↗
14. 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.12436810.1016/j.seppur.2023.124368 ↗
15. 10.1007/s11356‐022‐24312‐x10.1007/s11356‐022‐24312‐x ↗
16. 10.1016/j.jece.2019.10290710.1016/j.jece.2019.102907 ↗
17. 10.1039/D4CS00521J10.1039/D4CS00521J ↗
18. 10.1016/j.ccr.2024.21639810.1016/j.ccr.2024.216398 ↗
19. 10.1016/j.ccr.2025.21679810.1016/j.ccr.2025.216798 ↗
20. 10.1016/j.ccr.2025.21686110.1016/j.ccr.2025.216861 ↗
21. 10.1016/j.ccr.2025.21697010.1016/j.ccr.2025.216970 ↗
22. 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b0055010.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00550 ↗
23. 10.1002/slct.20210243510.1002/slct.202102435 ↗
24. 10.1021/acsnano.2c0858010.1021/acsnano.2c08580 ↗
25. 10.1002/anie.20200737210.1002/anie.202007372 ↗
26. 10.1002/cssc.20200186510.1002/cssc.202001865 ↗
27. 10.1021/ja401784210.1021/ja4017842 ↗
28. 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.11887310.1016/j.seppur.2021.118873 ↗
29. 10.1021/ja510895m10.1021/ja510895m ↗
30. 10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.26010.1016/j.cej.2019.03.260 ↗
31. 10.1021/acsami.9b1185010.1021/acsami.9b11850 ↗
32. 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.07.00510.1016/j.jtice.2020.07.005 ↗
33. 10.1515/revic‐2023‐001810.1515/revic‐2023‐0018 ↗
34. 10.1016/j.desal.2026.11987910.1016/j.desal.2026.119879 ↗
35. 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.03.02610.1016/j.cclet.2017.03.026 ↗
36. 10.1021/acscentsci.0c0046310.1021/acscentsci.0c00463 ↗
37. 10.1039/D0CS01569E10.1039/D0CS01569E ↗
38. 10.1016/j.hybadv.2025.10041910.1016/j.hybadv.2025.100419 ↗
39. 10.1002/ange.20250650910.1002/ange.202506509 ↗
40. 10.1039/C9CS00827F10.1039/C9CS00827F ↗
41. 10.1007/s11426‐021‐1050‐110.1007/s11426‐021‐1050‐1 ↗
42. 10.1021/acsami.1c1674210.1021/acsami.1c16742 ↗
43. 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b0086910.1021/acs.jafc.8b00869 ↗
44. Ahamad A. · 2019 · 21
45. Madhav S. · 2019 · 43
46. 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c0051710.1021/acs.accounts.4c00517 ↗
47. 10.1016/S1573-4285(05)80020-110.1016/S1573-4285(05)80020-1 ↗
48. 10.1016/0883‐2927(95)00083‐610.1016/0883‐2927(95)00083‐6 ↗
49. 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.12.00610.1016/j.biortech.2005.12.006 ↗
50. 10.1016/j.jksus.2021.10165310.1016/j.jksus.2021.101653 ↗
51. 10.1007/s11356‐019‐06683‐w10.1007/s11356‐019‐06683‐w ↗
52. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.12591710.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125917 ↗
53. 10.1007/s10311‐020‐01003‐y10.1007/s10311‐020‐01003‐y ↗
54. 10.2174/187221211266618010115174910.2174/1872212112666180101151749 ↗
55. 10.1007/s12355‐021‐01051‐w10.1007/s12355‐021‐01051‐w ↗
56. 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.12278310.1016/j.seppur.2022.122783 ↗
57. 10.1002/slct.20220362110.1002/slct.202203621 ↗
58. 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b0419310.1021/acs.iecr.9b04193 ↗
59. 10.1016/j.cej.2024.15229210.1016/j.cej.2024.152292 ↗
60. 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.10542910.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105429 ↗
61. 10.1016/j.jtice.2025.10610810.1016/j.jtice.2025.106108 ↗
62. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.13542410.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135424 ↗
63. 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.12654610.1016/j.talanta.2024.126546 ↗
64. 10.1016/j.jtice.2023.10470510.1016/j.jtice.2023.104705 ↗
65. 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.13279110.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.132791 ↗
66. 10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.10059310.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100593 ↗
67. 10.1016/j.apsadv.2023.10050210.1016/j.apsadv.2023.100502 ↗
68. 10.1016/j.jece.2024.11420610.1016/j.jece.2024.114206 ↗
69. 10.1002/aoc.7009210.1002/aoc.70092 ↗
70. 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.13392410.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.133924 ↗
71. 10.1016/j.cej.2025.16718210.1016/j.cej.2025.167182 ↗
72. 10.1002/adsu.20180015010.1002/adsu.201800150 ↗
73. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.02710.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.027 ↗
74. 10.1021/jacs.6b1232810.1021/jacs.6b12328 ↗
75. 10.1039/C7TA05588A10.1039/C7TA05588A ↗
76. 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.11.00610.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.11.006 ↗
77. 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.08.06710.1016/j.jcis.2017.08.067 ↗
78. 10.1371/journal.pone.021337710.1371/journal.pone.0213377 ↗
79. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.05010.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.050 ↗
80. 10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.04.01110.1016/j.materresbull.2016.04.011 ↗
81. 10.1038/s41598‐017‐09700‐510.1038/s41598‐017‐09700‐5 ↗
82. 10.1038/srep4308210.1038/srep43082 ↗
83. 10.11648/j.ajac.20160404.1510.11648/j.ajac.20160404.15 ↗
84. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.08510.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.085 ↗
85. 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.02.05110.1016/j.talanta.2012.02.051 ↗
86. 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b0513810.1021/acssuschemeng.8b05138 ↗
87. 10.1039/C5RA01500F10.1039/C5RA01500F ↗
88. 10.1016/j.cej.2015.03.10410.1016/j.cej.2015.03.104 ↗
89. 10.1039/C6RA28406J10.1039/C6RA28406J ↗
90. 10.1039/C2TA00406B10.1039/C2TA00406B ↗
91. 10.3390/nano811095710.3390/nano8110957 ↗
92. 10.1002/app.4731810.1002/app.47318 ↗
93. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.06110.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.061 ↗
94. 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.02.00510.1016/j.arabjc.2017.02.005 ↗
95. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.12810.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.128 ↗
96. 10.1016/j.cej.2016.09.12610.1016/j.cej.2016.09.126 ↗
97. 10.1016/j.jes.2015.12.02510.1016/j.jes.2015.12.025 ↗
98. 10.1021/ac050600m10.1021/ac050600m ↗
99. 10.15376/biores.9.2.3184‐319610.15376/biores.9.2.3184‐3196 ↗
100. Cd (II), and Pb (II) From Aqueous Single Metal Solutions by Sugarcane Bagasse and Mercerized Sugarcane Bagasse Chemically Modified With Succinic Anhydride