The Analysis and Comparison on Service Performance of Next Generation of Sustainable Electrochemical Energy Storage: From Materials to Technologies

Abstract Along with the increasing global demand for large‐scale energy storage and the growing concerns over lithium resource scarcity, cost, and sustainability, the search for alternative technologies has intensified. This review focuses on three representative next‐generation electrochemical systems: sodium‐ion batteries, redox flow batteries, and liquid metal batteries. They are expected to complement or replace lithium‐ion batteries in specific applications. The working principles, key material systems, electrochemical performance characteristics, and application scenarios of each technology are systematically discussed, along with their respective resource availability and sustainability profiles. Sodium‐ion batteries are highlighted for their abundant raw materials and compatibility with existing lithium‐ion batteries manufacturing infrastructure; redox flow batteries for their exceptional scalability, long operational lifespan, and suitability for grid‐level storage; and liquid metal batteries for their high‐temperature operation, excellent thermal stability, and potential for ultra‐long cycle life. By comparing their advantages, limitations, and development challenges, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on the technical readiness and future prospects of these emerging systems, offering valuable insights for guiding research, industrial adoption, and policy planning in the global transition toward sustainable energy.