An Enzyme‐Composite Sweat Sensor for the Detection of Multiplexed Diabetic Nephropathy Biomarkers

Abstract Conventional approaches to diagnosing diabetic nephropathy (DN) typically involve blood tests, imaging or biopsy. However, these methods are invasive and require large, specialized equipment, making them unsuitable for frequent monitoring. As precision medicine advances, there is an increasing demand for diagnostic tools that are simple and accessible. Here, a novel sensing system is introduced to simultaneously detect three key DN biomarkers in sweat: glucose (Glu), uric acid (UA), and K ⁺ . The system employs a binary composite electrode with high conductivity, large surface area, and abundant active sites, ensuring excellent electrochemical performance and sensitivity for trace detection.To ensure specificity, glucose oxidase (GOx), urate oxidase (UAOx), and K ⁺ ‐selective carriers are incorporated. Glu and UA are detected through GOx‐ and UAOx‐catalyzed amperometric reactions, whereas K ⁺ levels are determined through open‐circuit potential based on selective ion recognition. To enhance enzyme stability, GOx and UAOx are encapsulated within the microporous covalent organic framework. This universal enzyme protection strategy improves enzyme stability and bioactivity by limiting molecular mobility and shielding the enzymes from environmental stress. The system is successfully applied to analyze sweat samples collected from volunteers, demonstrating its strong potential for routine non‐invasive monitoring of renal health in individuals with diabetes.