Thermoelectric‐Hydrovoltaic Hybrid System for Sustainable Energy Harvesting in Variable Environments

Abstract In response to the growing demand for sustainable energy solutions, this study presents a carbon black enhanced thermoelectric‐hydrovoltaic hybrid system that synergistically integrates a Bi ₂ Te ₃ ‐based thermoelectric battery with a hydrovoltaic generator. By leveraging the complementary mechanisms of thermal gradient utilization and evaporation‐driven ion transport, the hybrid system significantly enhances energy harvesting efficiency compared to standalone components. Experimental results demonstrate that the thermoelectric battery achieves an open‐circuit voltage of 260 mV under a temperature gradient of 60 °C, while the hydrovoltaic generator exhibits a 10.8% increase in output voltage due to accelerated evaporation enabled by thermal coupling. The system operates robustly across ambient conditions (30–60 °C), reducing dependence on external heat sources and a continuous water supply. This innovation offers a versatile platform for applications in wearable electronics and environmental monitoring, advancing the development of adaptive, self‐sustaining energy technologies.