Process Considerations for the Production of Hydrogen via Steam Reforming of Oxygenated Gases from Biomass Pyrolysis and Other Conversion Processes

Abstract In 2021, average CO₂ emissions was 9.7 g CO₂/g H₂ produced, primarily based on steam methane reforming (SMR) technology that currently dominates hydrogen production. The substitution of natural gas (NG) and other fossil feedstocks in SMRs with renewable gases may be considered as an option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This analysis explores process impacts and constraints associated with the potential introduction of biogenic gases into SMRs. The results indicate that replacing NG in the fuel train of the SMR, followed by partial replacement of NG in the feed train may be a feasible approach. For the CO‐ and CO₂‐rich gas compositions assumed in this analysis the results indicate that feed train may accommodate up to 25 mole % of biogenic gases using allowances in existing designs and/or with small modifications, while maintaining similar hydrogen output. NG substitution in higher proportions require more major changes because of increased flow rates and heat exchange requirements in the system. Biogenic gases with lower CO₂ and higher calorific values are advantageous for NG substitution, and dry reforming using the CO₂ present in the feed gas can reduce steam consumption and increase process efficiency within limits where coking does not become a new constraint.