Recent Progress in Chemically Functionalized Heterogeneous Catalysts for CO₂ Conversion by Electro and Photocatalysis: A Review

Abstract The foremost cause of global warming in 21^st century is excessive generation of CO₂ and its build‐up in atmosphere. In mandate to address this important problem, many solutions are investigated, with CO₂ conversion emerging as a key approach. This method produces clean, renewable energy while simultaneously lowering CO₂ levels. In order to facilitate an investigation of sophisticated multifunctional catalysts for CO₂ conversion, this study starts by looking at the primary sources of CO₂ and their effects on the environment. It explores the importance of multifunctional catalysts and their development methods for the conversion of CO₂ into value‐added products including methanol, ethanol, and hydrocarbons. Specifically, the utilization of tailored carbon‐based, metal organic frameworks (MOF)‐based, Metal Oxide‐based, Zeolite‐based catalysts, and their composites across various methods such as photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis is explored. This study attempts to highlight the difficulties and possible future developments in CO₂ conversion in order to highlight the complexity of the topic. It provides an inclusive exploration of the various facets of CO₂ conversion, highlighting the significance of novel catalyst development and application tactics in halting global warming.