Hybrid Nanogenerator Based on a Grid‐Structured PVDF–BaTiO ₃ Piezoelectric Layer via Electrohydrodynamic Inkjet Printing

Abstract With the rapid growth of IoT technology, this study presents a novel piezoelectric–triboelectric hybrid nanogenerator (DPBL‐TENG) featuring a piezoelectric enhancement layer constructed as a grid‐like micro‐scale line array composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride)–barium titanate (PVDF–BaTiO ₃ ) composites. The layer is fabricated using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) inkjet printing, with its deposition quality improved through systematic optimization of the driving voltage parameters. A multi‐physics coupling model in COMSOL Multiphysics is used to analyze jet behavior under DC and pulsed voltages, guiding voltage optimization. A one‐factor experimental design investigates how trapezoidal rise time, peak voltage dwell time, cutoff‐to‐peak voltage ratio, and pulse frequency influence microstructure formation. Uniform grid lines (≈120 µm wide) are successfully printed. Performance tests show that the DPBL‐TENG achieved an open‐circuit voltage of 211 V, which is 62% higher than that of a device without the piezoelectric layer and 12% higher than one with a thin‐film layer, and a maximum power density of 534 mW m ^{− 2} . It powers 72 commercial LEDs directly and drives a thermometer through a capacitive energy storage circuit. This work offers a novel material system and fabrication approach for high‐performance hybrid nanogenerators, providing promising solutions for powering low‐energy devices in applications like environmental sensing.