3D Printing of Supercapacitors: Progress in Materials, Architectures, and Devices

Abstract Advances in flexible electronics are driving a growing demand for supercapacitors with arbitrary shapes and customized functions. Conventional fabrication methods struggle to meet these requirements, whereas 3D printing offers precise, rapid, and cost‐effective manufacturing of complex architectures with broad material compatibility. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in 3D printing for supercapacitor applications. Four prevalent techniques, including direct ink writing, fused deposition modeling, inkjet printing, and vat photopolymerization are first examined, highlighting their operating principles, processing characteristics, and suitability for energy storage devices. Next, representative device architectures, including sandwich‐type, interdigitated, and fiber‐shaped configurations are discussed. Printable electrodes, electrolytes, and integrated strategies for achieving fully printed supercapacitors are then critically analyzed. Finally, current challenges are outlined and future research directions proposed, with the aim of advancing high‐performance 3D‐printed supercapacitors for next‐generation energy storage.