3D Printable Hydrogel Bioelectronic Interfaces for Healthcare Monitoring and Disease Diagnosis: Materials, Design Strategies, and Applications

Abstract In recent years, additive manufacturing tools, such as 3D printing, has gained enormous attention in biomedical engineering for developing ionotropic devices, flexible electronics, skin‐electronic interfaces, and wearable sensors with extremely high precision and sensing accuracy. Such printed bioelectronics are innovative and can be used as multi‐stimuli response platforms for human health monitoring and disease diagnosis. This review systematically discusses the past, present, and future of the various printable and stretchable soft bioelectronics for precision medicine. The potential of various naturally and chemically derived conductive biopolymer inks and their nanocomposites with tunable physico‐chemical properties is also highlighted, which is crucial for bioelectronics fabrication. Then, the design strategies of various printable sensors for human body sensing are summarized. In conclusion, the perspectives on the future advanced bioelectronics are described, which will be helpful, particularly in the field of nano/biomedicine. An in‐depth knowledge of materials design to functional aspects of printable bioelectronics is demonstrated, with an aim to accelerate the development of next‐generation wearables.