A Review on Advancing Electromagnetic Wave Absorption in Metamaterials: Progress, Challenges, Theoretical Background, and Advanced Technological Applications

Abstract This review explores the rapidly growing field of electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers, which are essential for reducing interference and effluence in the Internet of Things (IoT) era. It highlights the changing role of metamaterials with extraordinary properties like negative refractive indices and electromagnetic cloaking, which don't exist in nature. The review covers the evolution of metamaterials, from their theoretical beginnings to practical applications in areas such as radar stealth, RF energy harvesting, and more. It explains the core principles behind metamaterial absorbers, focusing on concepts like impedance matching and transmission line theory, which demonstrate their ability to control wave behavior and achieve nearly perfect absorption. Additionally, the review examines the wide‐ranging uses of these absorbers, from improving solar cell efficiency to enhancing infrared detection, while also addressing limitations like their narrow resonance bandwidth. Strategies to improve absorption performance through advanced designs and material innovations are discussed, showcasing how metamaterials can transform the future of EM wave absorption across various technologies.