DataVXAdvanced Materials TechnologiesPaper
journal article·2025-06Open access

Revolutionizing the Future of Smart Materials: A Review of 4D Printing, Design, Optimization, and Machine Learning Integration

Kashif Azher, Aamer Nazir, Muhammad Umar Farooq, Muhammad Rizwan ul Haq, Zulfiqar Ali, Ahmed S. Dalaq, Abba Abdulhamid Abubakar, Sajjad Hussain, Mujahid Naqeebuddin Syed, Abid Ullah, Rashid Ali Laghari, Sikandar Khan

Advanced Materials Technologies· Volume 10· Issue 12
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Source abstract

Abstract

Abstract With technological advancement and development, there is a tremendous increase in demand for different smart materials because of their stimulation from external sources. Moreover, the time‐dependent response of smart materials provides insight into the fabrication of these materials using 4D printing (4DP) techniques. Hence, this study presents a comprehensive review of the 4DP of smart materials. The review covers different aspects of smart material, from design and optimization to printing. Herein, smart materials have been discussed in detail based on the physical, biological, and chemical stimuli‐responsive and their subtype's behavior. For designing smart materials, different usage of tools such as new designing software, finite element analysis, and machine learning are also discussed. The design of smart materials is challenging because of the different responsive natures and complexity of design and mechanisms. Hence, a detailed review of present 3D printing techniques, the use of 4DP, and how future applications can be incorporated with smart material and 4DP is presented. With the help of machine learning, the fabrication of smart materials using 4DP is also discussed. The review provides future directions for fabricating smart materials using 4DP. The design and printing challenges of smart materials for future utilization have also been comprehensively covered.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

Materials processing

OpenAlex topics: Advanced Materials and Mechanics · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department of Mechanical Engineering King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia

Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia

Mechanical Engineering Department University of Michigan George G. Brown Laboratory 2350 Hayward Street Ann Arbor MI 48109‐2125 USA

Department of Design and Manufacturing School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan

Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR 999077 China

Bioengineering Department King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia

Interdisciplinary Research Center for Biosystems and Machines King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia

Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong SAR 999077 China

Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Secure Systems King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran KSA 31261 Saudi Arabia

Institute of Laser and System Technologies Hamburg University of Technology Harburger Schloßstraße 28 21079 Hamburg Germany

Centre for Additive Manufacturing School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia

School of Intelligent Manufacturing Shanghai Zhongqiao Vocational and Technical University Shanghai 201514 China

Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia

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