Smart Coatings: Fundamentals, Preparation Approaches, and Applications

Abstract The adoption of cutting‐edge coating technologies in industrial production is increasingly being recognized, underscoring a wide range of exceptional characteristics and features. Among these innovations, smart coatings represent a notable category of materials that can be activated by various internal and external stimuli, such as light, pH levels, moisture, biomolecules, bacteria, mechanical damage, temperature fluctuations, and electric or magnetic fields. The implementation of smart coatings has proven to offer considerable advantages across multiple sectors, notably in the medical industry, construction, energy storage, sensor technology, electronics, and textiles. Despite their potential, the development of smart coatings faces several challenges, including the need for long‐term stability, scalability, and cost‐effectiveness. Ongoing advancements in nanotechnology and material science are pivotal in fostering innovation within this domain, broadening application prospects, and improving performance metrics. This review aims to examine the diverse categories of smart coatings, emphasizing their protective, decorative, and intelligent functionalities. Key characteristics such as self‐healing capabilities, self‐cleaning mechanisms, intumescent properties, antibacterial effects, anti‐reflection, and electroactive and bioactive traits are highlighted. Additionally, a comprehensive classification of materials and methodologies is presented alongside an overview of the latest developments in this rapidly evolving field.