Surface Physicochemistry Modification and Structural Nanoarchitectures of g‐C₃N₄ for Wastewater Remediation and Solar Fuel Generation

Abstract The use of graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄) has been widely explored in multiple photocatalytic applications. The design and fabrication of g‐C₃N₄ are heavily influenced by its overall activity, whereby optical and electronic properties dictate the performance of g‐C₃N₄. Surface and chemical structural modifications are discussed in length to enhance photocatalytic g‐C₃N₄. Facile preparation of g‐C₃N₄ eases structural engineering at a molecular level. This review highlights and recapitulates recent progress on the strategies to enhance both structural and chemical properties of the g‐C₃N₄ structure via surface functionalization and grafting, defect creation, elemental doping, covalent bonding with nonmetal and heterojunction interfacial formation. The emerging applications of g‐C₃N₄ in numerous photocatalytic reactions are discussed. The significance of g‐C₃N₄‐based photocatalyst in various photocatalytic reactions signifies the imminent progress of frontier technologies. Thus, it is integral to overcome lurking challenges and devise superactive photocatalytic activity at a molecular level for sustainable environmental and energy‐related applications.