Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing of Advanced Soft Sensors and Actuators: From Architecture to Function

Abstract Fabrication and assembly of flexible sensors and soft actuators play important roles in improving the performance of wearable electronics and soft robots. Traditional manufacturing techniques have limitations in controlling the geometry and architecture of many soft actuation and sensing systems, which compromise their performance as well as applications. With the emergence of 3D printing, directly transforming 3D models into real objects becomes possible. In particular, vat photopolymerization techniques, represented by stereolithography, are capable of printing all‐in‐one and lab‐on‐a‐chip devices with fast speed and high accuracy. Novel polymer formulations, including functional resins, hydrogels, elastomers, polymer blends, composites, and biological materials, have been developed for vat photopolymerization 3D printing to produce highly stable architectures, which prompts a remarkable revolution in mechanics and materials for soft electronics. This review looks into the recent developments of vat photopolymerization 3D printing technology for lightweight engineering, personalized electronics, and soft robots.