Multifunctional Alginate‐Based Films Reinforced With Ag‐ZnO/AgO/TiO ₂ Nanocomposites for Advanced Packaging and Biomedical Applications

ABSTRACT The Ag‐ZnO/AgO/TiO ₂ nanocomposite (NCP) demonstrates excellent antibacterial, biocompatible, wound‐healing, and leishmanicidal properties, highlighting its multifunctionality. This study presents sodium alginate‐based films reinforced with 0.5% and 1% (w/w) of the ternary NCP to integrate photocatalytic, antimicrobial, and UV‐shielding effects. Rheological analysis showed that 0.5% NCP increased the elastic modulus by 32% and reduced the damping factor, indicating improved polymer structuring and viscoelastic stability. Thermogravimetric results revealed a 21% rise in decomposition onset temperature, confirming enhanced thermal resistance. Optical analysis indicated that 0.5% NCP maintained 92% transparency at 600 nm while improving UV‐blocking capacity, especially at 1% loading. Raman and SEM/EDS confirmed uniform nanoparticle dispersion within the matrix. Mechanical tests showed a 25% increase in tensile strength and 30% higher stiffness, with an 18% lower swelling ratio, evidencing effective reinforcement. Antibacterial assays against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli exhibited inhibition zones of 10–12 mm, with stronger effects at 1% NCP, due to the which can be attributed to the combined action of Ag, ZnO, and TiO ₂ components embedded within the alginate matrix. The incorporation of this multifunctional nanocomposite into alginate films represents a notable advancement, producing transparent, thermally stable, and antimicrobial biopolymers for sustainable packaging and biomedical uses.