A Modular, Lego‐Like Microfluidic Platform for Multimodal Analysis of Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Response

Abstract Biofilms are substantially more resistant compared to free‐floating bacteria, highlighting the need for tools capable of real‐time analysis under physiologically relevant conditions. A modular microfluidic platform with integrated electrodes is presented for dynamic sampling and monitoring of biofilm formation and response. Its architecture enables natural shear stress variations and allows label‐free studies, including optical microscopy and electrical impedance spectroscopy. The platform evaluates biofilm growth, migration, and regrowth and investigates the effect of i) treatment using antibiotics and ii) antimicrobial coatings (i.e., silver nanoparticles) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, revealing distinct stages of response and persistence in each case. Distinct biofilm behaviors are identified in response to antibiotic treatment as well as after applying an antibacterial coating (i.e., incomplete vs no biofilm eradication). Furthermore, the platform's modularity allows for biofilm migration and regrowth studies via Lego‐like connected modules, emphasizing the need for strategies addressing biofilm resilience and regrowth. The system provides a robust, scalable, and biologically relevant alternative to traditional methods for biofilm research. In addition to basic assays, this system is well‐suited for clinical environments, where timely and personalized therapeutic decisions are critical for managing biofilm‐related infections.