Cloth face mask fit and function for children part two: Material Selection
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The second component of this three-paper series studying cloth face masks for children ages 4 to 6 years old concentrates on optimizing aerosol capture and air permeability through fabric selection. Material choices were evaluated in two modes: Flat Filter (FF) and Head Form (HF). FF isolates material factors while HF simulates the performance of the constructed masks on a 3D printed child head form. In FF mode, higher filtration efficiency correlated to lower air permeability in both reusable commercial and experimental face masks regardless of fiber contents, fabric structures, and number of layers. Our prototype face mask developed in design exploration successfully captured 37 ± 12% of 0.3 μm, 87 ± 3% of 0.5 μm, and 87 ± 2% of 1.0 μm particles while maintaining good air permeability, moisture capture, and aerosolized salt capture in HF mode. Sealing masks to minimize outward leakage reduced particle capture up to 64%. Particle leakage data captured at the eye level of the head form illuminated the synergy between mask design, material choice, and fit.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Infection Control and Ventilation · Aerosol Filtration and Electrostatic Precipitation · Noise Effects and Management
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (24)
Show source-provided references
1. American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. (2020). M14 Guidance and Considerations for General Purpose Textile Face Coverings: Adult. https://members.aatcc.org/store/m014/3085/.
2. ASTM International. (2021). ASTM F3502-21: Standard Specification for Barrier Face Coverings. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/F3502-22A.10.1520/F3502-22A ↗
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Science brief: Community use of masks to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/masking-science-sars-cov2.html.
4. Clase, C. M., Fu, E. L., Ashur, A., Beale, R. C. L., Clase, I. A., Dolovich, M. B., Jardine, M. J., Joseph, M., Kansiime, G., Mann, J. F. E., Pecoits-Filho, R., Winkelmayer, W. C., & Carrero, J. J. (2020). Forgotten technology in the COVID-19 pandemic: filtration properties of cloth and cloth masks—a narrative review. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 95(10), 2204–2224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.02010.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.020 ↗
5. Courtney, J. M., & Bax, A. (2021). Hydrating the respiratory tract: An alternative explanation why masks lower severity of COVID-19. Biophysical Journal, 120(6), 994–1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.00210.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.002 ↗
6. Du Puis, J. L., Forstenhausler, L., Goodge, K., Maher, M., Frey, M., Baytar, F., & Park, H. (2022). Cloth face mask fit and function for children part one: Design exploration. Fashion and Textiles, 9(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-022-00287-810.1186/s40691-022-00287-8 ↗
7. Eleesha, L., & Kirsten, N. (2021, November 16). Normal Respiratory Rate for Adults and Children. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/normal-respiratory-rate
8. Goodge, K., & Frey, M. W. (2021, November). Cloth Face Coverings: Effect of Decontamination Method on Fabric Performance [Conference Presentation]. American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists Textile Discovery Summit, Durham, NC, United States.
9. Konda, A., Prakash, A., Moss, G. A., Schmoldt, M., Grant, G. D., & Guha, S. (2020). Aerosol filtration efficiency of common fabrics used in respiratory cloth masks. ACS Nano, 14(5), 6339–6347. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c0325210.1021/acsnano.0c03252 ↗
10. Lee, K. W., & Liu, B. Y. H. (1980). On the minimum efficiency and the most penetrating particle size for fibrous filters. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 30(4), 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1980.1046459210.1080/00022470.1980.10464592 ↗
11. Napolitano, N., Nishisaki, A., Buffman, H. S., Leffelman, J., Maltese, M. R., & Nadkarni, V. M. (2017). Redesign of an open-system oxygen face mask with mainstream capnometer for children. Respiratory Care, 62(1), 70–77. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.0475110.4187/respcare.04751 ↗
12. New York State Department of Health. (n.d.). Pediatric Respiratory Rates [Fact Sheet]. https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/ems/pdf/assmttools.pdf
13. Patel, R. B., Skaria, S. D., Mansour, M. M., & Smaldone, G. C. (2016). Respiratory source control using a surgical mask: An in vitro study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 13(7), 569–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2015.104305010.1080/15459624.2015.1043050 ↗
14. Rengasamy, S., Eimer, B., & Shaffer, R. E. (2010). Simple respiratory protection—evaluation of the filtration performance of cloth masks and common fabric materials against 20–1000 nm size particles. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 54(7), 789–798. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/meq04410.1093/annhyg/meq044 ↗
15. Rengasamy, S., Eimer, B. C., & Szalajda, J. (2014). A Quantitative assessment of the total inward leakage of NaCl aerosol representing submicron-size bioaerosol through N95 filtering facepiece respirators and surgical masks. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 11(6), 388–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2013.86671510.1080/15459624.2013.866715 ↗
16. Rengasamy, S., Shaffer, R., Williams, B., & Smit, S. (2017). A comparison of facemask and respirator filtration test methods. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 14(2), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2016.122515710.1080/15459624.2016.1225157 ↗
17. Reye, C. G., & Frey, M. W. (2017). Morphological traits essential to electrospun and grafted Nylon-6 nanofiber membranes for capturing submicron simulated exhaled breath aerosols. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 134(17), 44759. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.4475910.1002/app.44759 ↗
18. Rogak, S. N., Sipkens, T. A., Guan, M., Nikookar, H., Vargas Figueroa, D., & Wang, J. (2021). Properties of materials considered for improvised masks. Aerosol Science and Technology, 55(4), 398–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2020.185532110.1080/02786826.2020.1855321 ↗
19. Szeinberg, A., Marcotte, J. E., Roizin, H., Mindorff, C., England, S., Tabachnik, E., & Levison, H. (1987). Normal values of maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures with a portable apparatus in children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatric Pulmonology, 3(4), 255–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.195003041110.1002/ppul.1950030411 ↗
20. Tcharkhtchi, A., Abbasnezhad, N., Zarbini Seydani, M., Zirak, N., Farzaneh, S., & Shirinbayan, M. (2021). An overview of filtration efficiency through the masks: Mechanisms of the aerosols penetration. Bioactive Materials, 6(1), 106–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.00210.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002 ↗
21. Verma, S., Dhanak, M., & Frankenfield, J. (2020). Visualizing the effectiveness of face masks in obstructing respiratory jets. Physics of Fluids, 32(6), 061708. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.001601810.1063/5.0016018 ↗
22. Watkins, S. M., & Dunne, L. (2015). Functional clothing design : From sportswear to spacesuits (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing.10.5040/9781501303715 ↗
23. Zangmeister, C. D., Radney, J. G., Vicenzi, E. P., & Weaver, J. L. (2020). Filtration Efficiencies of Nanoscale Aerosol by Cloth Mask Materials Used to Slow the Spread of SARS-CoV-2. ACS Nano, 14(7), 9188–9200. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c0502510.1021/acsnano.0c05025 ↗
24. Zhao, M., Liao, L., Xiao, W., Yu, X., Wang, H., Wang, Q., Lin, Y. L., Kilinc-Balci, F. S., Price, A., Chu, L., Chu, M. C., Chu, S., & Cui, Y. (2020). Household materials selection for homemade cloth face coverings and their filtration efficiency enhancement with triboelectric charging. Nano Letters, 20(7), 5544–5552. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c0221110.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02211 ↗