Tolerogenic Nanovaccine for Prevention and Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Abstract Herein, a tolerogenic nanovaccine is developed and tested on an animal model of multiple sclerosis. The nanovaccine is constructed to deliver the self‐antigen, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide, and dexamethasone on an abatacept‐modified polydopamine core nanoparticle (AbaLDPN‐MOG). AbaLDPN‐MOG can target dendritic cells and undergo endocytosis followed by trafficking to lysosomes. AbaLDPN‐MOG blocks the interaction between CD80/CD86 and CD28 in antigen‐presenting cells and T cells, leading to decreased interferon gamma secretion. The subcutaneous administration of AbaLDPN‐MOG to mice yields significant biodistribution to lymph nodes and, in experimental‐autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model mice, increases the integrity of the myelin basic sheath and minimizes the infiltration of immune cells. EAE mice are treated with AbaLDPN‐MOG before or after injection of the autoantigen, MOG. Preimmunization of AbaLDPN‐MOG before the injection of MOG completely blocks the development of clinical symptoms. Early treatment with AbaLDPN‐MOG at three days after injection of MOG also completely blocks the development of symptoms. Notably, treatment of EAE symptom‐developed mice with AbaLDPN‐MOG significantly alleviates the symptoms, indicating that the nanovaccine has therapeutic effects. Although AbaLDPN is used for MOG peptide delivery in the EAE model, the concept of AbaLDPN can be widely applied for the prevention and alleviation of other autoimmune diseases.