Multi‐Targeted Peptide‐Modified Gold Nanoclusters for Treating Solid Tumors in the Liver

Abstract Apoptosis and autophagy determine the fate of cancer cells. However, simply promoting apoptosis of tumor cells is limited in the treatment of unresectable solid liver tumors. Generally, autophagy is considered the anti‐apoptotic “guardian”. But the pro‐apoptotic effects of autophagy can be activated by excessive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, amphiphilic peptide‐modified glutathione (GSH)‐gold nanocluster aggregates (AP₁P₂‐PEG NCs) were designed with the enrichment of solid liver tumors and the prolonged stress in the ER, which can achieve the mutual promotion of autophagy and apoptosis in liver tumor cells. In this study, orthotopic and subcutaneous liver tumor models show the anti‐tumor effectiveness of AP₁P₂‐PEG NCs, with a better antitumor effect than sorafenib, biosafety (Lethal Dose, 50% (LD₅₀) of 827.3 mg kg⁻¹), wide therapeutic window (non‐toxic in 20 times of therapeutic concentration) and high stability (blood half‐life of 4 h). These findings identify an effective strategy to develop peptide‐modified gold nanocluster aggregates with low toxicity, high potency, and selectivity for solid liver tumors treatment.