Blood‐Glucose‐Powered Metabolic Fuel Cell for Self‐Sufficient Bioelectronics

Abstract Currently available bioelectronic devices consume too much power to be continuously operated on rechargeable batteries, and are often powered wirelessly, with attendant issues regarding reliability, convenience, and mobility. Thus, the availability of a robust, self‐sufficient, implantable electrical power generator that works under physiological conditions would be transformative for many applications, from driving bioelectronic implants and prostheses to programing cellular behavior and patients’ metabolism. Here, capitalizing on a new copper‐containing, conductively tuned 3D carbon nanotube composite, an implantable blood‐glucose‐powered metabolic fuel cell is designed that continuously monitors blood‐glucose levels, converts excess glucose into electrical power during hyperglycemia, and produces sufficient energy (0.7 mW cm⁻², 0.9 V, 50 mm glucose) to drive opto‐ and electro‐genetic regulation of vesicular insulin release from engineered beta cells. It is shown that this integration of blood‐glucose monitoring with elimination of excessive blood glucose by combined electro‐metabolic conversion and insulin‐release‐mediated cellular consumption enables the metabolic fuel cell to restore blood‐glucose homeostasis in an automatic, self‐sufficient, and closed‐loop manner in an experimental model of type‐1 diabetes.