How Reproducible is the Synthesis of Zr–Porphyrin Metal–Organic Frameworks? An Interlaboratory Study

Hanna L. B. Boström; Sebastian Emmerling; Fabian Heck; Charlotte Koschnick; Andrew J. Jones; Matthew J. Cliffe; Rawan Al Natour; Mickaële Bonneau; Vincent Guillerm; Osama Shekhah; Mohamed Eddaoudi; Javier Lopez‐Cabrelles; Shuhei Furukawa; María Romero‐Angel; Carlos Martí‐Gastaldo; Minliang Yan; Amanda J. Morris; Ignacio Romero‐Muñiz; Ying Xiong; Ana E. Platero‐Prats; Jocelyn Roth; Wendy L. Queen; Kalle S. Mertin; Danielle E. Schier; Neil R. Champness; Hamish H.‐M. Yeung; Bettina V. Lotsch

doi:10.1002/adma.202304832

journal article·2024-04Open access

How Reproducible is the Synthesis of Zr–Porphyrin Metal–Organic Frameworks? An Interlaboratory Study

Hanna L. B. Boström, Sebastian Emmerling, Fabian Heck, Charlotte Koschnick, Andrew J. Jones, Matthew J. Cliffe, Rawan Al Natour, Mickaële Bonneau, Vincent Guillerm, Osama Shekhah, Mohamed Eddaoudi, Javier Lopez‐Cabrelles, Shuhei Furukawa, María Romero‐Angel, Carlos Martí‐Gastaldo, Minliang Yan, Amanda J. Morris, Ignacio Romero‐Muñiz, Ying Xiong, Ana E. Platero‐Prats, Jocelyn Roth, Wendy L. Queen, Kalle S. Mertin, Danielle E. Schier, Neil R. Champness, Hamish H.‐M. Yeung, Bettina V. Lotsch

Advanced Materials· Volume 36· Issue 15

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Source abstract

Abstract

Abstract Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a rapidly growing class of materials that offer great promise in various applications. However, the synthesis remains challenging: for example, a range of crystal structures can often be accessed from the same building blocks, which complicates the phase selectivity. Likewise, the high sensitivity to slight changes in synthesis conditions may cause reproducibility issues. This is crucial, as it hampers the research and commercialization of affected MOFs. Here, it presents the first‐ever interlaboratory study of the synthetic reproducibility of two Zr–porphyrin MOFs, PCN‐222 and PCN‐224, to investigate the scope of this problem. For PCN‐222, only one sample out of ten was phase pure and of the correct symmetry, while for PCN‐224, three are phase pure, although none of these show the spatial linker order characteristic of PCN‐224. Instead, these samples resemble dPCN‐224 (disordered PCN‐224), which has recently been reported. The variability in thermal behavior, defect content, and surface area of the synthesised samples are also studied. The results have important ramifications for field of metal–organic frameworks and their crystallization, by highlighting the synthetic challenges associated with a multi‐variable synthesis space and flat energy landscapes characteristic of MOFs.

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Research context

OpenAlex topics: Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis and Applications · X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography · Magnetism in coordination complexes

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstraße 1 D‐70569 Stuttgart Germany

Present address: Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry Stockholm University Stockholm SE‐106 91 Sweden

School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK

King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center (AMPM) Functional Materials Design Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3) Thuwal 23955‐6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Institute for Integrated Cell‐Material Sciences (WPI‐iCeMS) Kyoto University Kyoto 606‐8501 Japan

Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto 615‐8510 Japan

Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol) Universitat de València Catedrático José Beltrán‐2 Paterna 46980 Spain

Macromolecules innovation institute Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA

Department of Chemistry Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA

Departamento de Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid 28049 Spain

Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid 28049 Spain

Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid 28049 Spain

Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Sion CH‐1950 Switzerland

Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Christian‐Albrechts‐University Kiel 24118 Kiel Germany

School of Chemistry University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK

Department of Chemistry University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstrasse 5‐13, Haus D 81377 Munich Germany

Funding

Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung · Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council · King Abdullah University of Science and Technology · Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación · Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie · FPInnovations

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