Bioinspired Protein‐Based Assembling: Toward Advanced Life‐Like Behaviors

Abstract The ability of living organisms to perform structure, energy, and information‐related processes for molecular self‐assembly through compartmentalization and chemical transformation can possibly be mimicked via artificial cell models. Recent progress in the development of various types of functional microcompartmentalized ensembles that can imitate rudimentary aspects of living cells has refocused attention on the important question of how inanimate systems can transition into living matter. Hence, herein, the most recent advances in the construction of protein‐bounded microcompartments (proteinosomes), which have been exploited as a versatile synthetic chassis for integrating a wide range of functional components and biochemical machineries, are critically summarized. The techniques developed for fabricating various types of proteinosomes are discussed, focusing on the significance of how chemical information, substance transportation, enzymatic‐reaction‐based metabolism, and self‐organization can be integrated and recursively exploited in constructed ensembles. Therefore, proteinosomes capable of exhibiting gene‐directed protein synthesis, modulated membrane permeability, spatially confined membrane‐gated catalytic reaction, internalized cytoskeletal‐like matrix assembly, on‐demand compartmentalization, and predatory‐like chemical communication in artificial cell communities are specially highlighted. These developments are expected to bridge the gap between materials science and life science, and offer a theoretical foundation for developing life‐inspired assembled materials toward various applications.