journal article·2026-06-28Open access

Drying‐Driven Microstructural Reorganization as a Key Origin of Rate Limitation in Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotube‐Based Thick Electrodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

So Min Gong, Seung Woo Song, Yonghwan Kim, Jiyoon Yoon, Jun Hyun Kang, Yeonsu Jung, Taehoon Kim, Seung Jae Yang, Jae Ho Kim

Abstract

Thick LiFePO 4 (LFP) cathodes are increasingly being explored as a practical approach to enhancing the cell‐level energy density of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) by increasing areal loading. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely used as conductive agents to improve electronic connectivity compared to conventional 0D carbon black (CB) electrodes; however, thick CNT‐based electrodes often suffer from severe rate‐performance loss. In this study, the correlation between microstructure and electrochemical performance is quantitatively analyzed by varying the electrode areal loading while maintaining a fixed slurry formulation. The results demonstrate that CNT agglomeration becomes more pronounced in thicker electrodes, creating structural bottlenecks that restrict both electronic and ionic transport pathways. It is shown that even with identical slurry preparation, the final electrode architecture can be strongly influenced by drying‐driven microstructural reorganization, with agglomeration becoming more severe as the thickness increases. Furthermore, a modest modification to the drying protocol that reduces the evaporation rate mitigates agglomeration and improves both transport metrics and rate capability. This study highlights that the drying process, together with slurry dispersion, is a critical determinant of the final microstructure and performance of CNT‐based thick electrodes.
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Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advancements in Battery Materials · Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies · Advanced Battery Technologies Research

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Advanced Energy Major, School of Transdisciplinary Engineering Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea

Department of Nanofusion Technology Research Center of Energy Convergence Technology, Eco‐Friendly Battery Engineering, Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea

Composites & Convergence Materials Research Division Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) Changwon 51508 Republic of Korea

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University Incheon 22212 Republic of Korea

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea · Korea Environment Corporation · Pusan National University

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