journal article·2026-01-04Open access

Cobalt‐Free Single‐Crystal Cathodes for Next‐Generation Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Srinivasan Alagar, Rakesh Saroha, Jun Kim, Hyung Do Kim, Jung Sang Cho, Sang Mun Jeong

Abstract

The transition toward sustainable, high‐energy density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) has intensified the search for cobalt‐free cathode materials, driven by the environmental, economic, and ethical limitations associated with cobalt usage. Among these, single‐crystal (SC) cobalt‐free cathodes have emerged as a transformative class of materials, offering superior structural integrity, enhanced thermal stability, and prolonged cycling life. This review critically examines recent advancements in SC cathode architectures across four major material families: Ni‐rich layered oxides, Li‐Mn‐rich compositions, spinel‐type structures, and olivine‐based frameworks. Unlike their polycrystalline analogues, SC cathodes feature continuous crystal lattices without internal grain boundaries, significantly reducing particle fracture, mitigating surface degradation, and suppressing phase instability during high‐voltage cycling. We explore state‐of‐the‐art synthesis techniques including molten salt‐assisted crystallization, hydrothermal growth, and co‐precipitation that enable the fabrication of phase‐pure SC particles with tailored morphology and minimal defect content. Additionally, the role of structural tuning strategies such as elemental doping, surface coatings, and facet orientation control is discussed in detail, with particular emphasis on improving electrochemical reversibility, lithium‐ion diffusion, and interfacial compatibility. Despite notable progress, key challenges persist, including controlling anisotropic lithium transport, preventing oxygen evolution, and ensuring process scalability. Emerging solutions involving entropy stabilization and advanced interface engineering are also discussed as promising pathways forward. By integrating insights across structure, chemistry, and processing, this review provides a comprehensive foundation for the design and deployment of cobalt‐free SC cathodes, offering practical pathways toward safer, longer‐lasting, and more sustainable LIB systems, compatible with both liquid and solid‐state battery technologies.
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Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advancements in Battery Materials · Extraction and Separation Processes · Advanced Battery Technologies Research

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department of Chemical Engineering Chungbuk National University Cheongju Chungbuk 28644 Korea

Department of Engineering Chemistry Chungbuk National University Cheongju‐si Chungbuk 28644 Korea

Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ajou University Suwon 16499 Korea

Department of Polymer Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Katsura Campus Kyoto 615‐8510 Japan

Biomedical Research Institute Chungbuk National University Hospital Cheongju Chungbuk 28644 Korea

Advanced Energy Research Institute Chungbuk National University Chungdae‐ro 1, Seowon‐gu Cheongju 28644 Korea

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea

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