In Operando Mechanism Analysis on Nanocrystalline Silicon Anode Material for Reversible and Ultrafast Sodium Storage

The electrochemical mechanism of nanocrystalline silicon anode in sodium ion batteries is first studied via in operando Raman and in operando X-ray diffraction. An irreversible structural conversion from crystalline silicon to amorphous silicon takes place during the initial cycles, leading to ultrafast reversible sodium insertion in the newly generated amorphous silicon. Furthermore, an optimized silicon/carbon composite has been developed to further improve its electrochemical performance. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.