Revisiting Lithium‐ and Sodium‐Ion Storage in Hard Carbon Anodes

Hoseong Kim; Jong Chan Hyun; Do‐Hoon Kim; Jin Hwan Kwak; Jin Bae Lee; Joon Ha Moon; Jaewon Choi; Hee‐Dae Lim; Seung Jae Yang; Hyeong Min Jin; Dong June Ahn; Kisuk Kang; Hyoung‐Joon Jin; Hyung‐Kyu Lim; Young Soo Yun

doi:10.1002/adma.202209128

journal article·2023-03

Revisiting Lithium‐ and Sodium‐Ion Storage in Hard Carbon Anodes

Hoseong Kim, Jong Chan Hyun, Do‐Hoon Kim, Jin Hwan Kwak, Jin Bae Lee, Joon Ha Moon, Jaewon Choi, Hee‐Dae Lim, Seung Jae Yang, Hyeong Min Jin, Dong June Ahn, Kisuk Kang, Hyoung‐Joon Jin, Hyung‐Kyu Lim, Young Soo Yun

Advanced Materials· Volume 35· Issue 12

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Abstract

Abstract The galvanostatic lithiation/sodiation voltage profiles of hard carbon anodes are simple, with a sloping drop followed by a plateau. However, a precise understanding of the corresponding redox sites and storage mechanisms is still elusive, which hinders further development in commercial applications. Here, a comprehensive comparison of the lithium‐ and sodium‐ion storage behaviors of hard carbon is conducted, yielding the following key findings: 1) the sloping voltage section is presented by the lithium‐ion intercalation in the graphitic lattices of hard carbons, whereas it mainly arises from the chemisorption of sodium ions on their inner surfaces constituting closed pores, even if the graphitic lattices are unoccupied; 2) the redox sites for the plateau capacities are the same as those for the closed pores regardless of the alkali ions; 3) the sodiation plateau capacities are mostly determined by the volume of the available closed pore, whereas the lithiation plateau capacities are primarily affected by the intercalation propensity; and 4) the intercalation preference and the plateau capacity have an inverse correlation. These findings from extensive characterizations and theoretical investigations provide a relatively clear elucidation of the electrochemical footprint of hard carbon anodes in relation to the redox mechanisms and storage sites for lithium and sodium ions, thereby providing a more rational design strategy for constructing better hard carbon anodes.

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Research context

Energy storage

OpenAlex topics: Advancements in Battery Materials · Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies · Extraction and Separation Processes

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering Inha University Incheon 22212 South Korea

KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University 145 Anam‐ro Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 South Korea

Department of Materials Science and Engineering Research Institute of Advanced Materials Seoul National University 1 Gwanak‐ro Gwanak‐gu Seoul 08826 South Korea

Energy Storage Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Seoul 02792 South Korea

Korea Basic Science Institute Daejeon 169‐147 South Korea

Department of Chemistry Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52828 South Korea

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials Inha University 100, Inha‐ro, Michuhol‐gu Incheon 22212 South Korea

Department of Organic Materials Engineering Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 South Korea

Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering College of Engineering Korea University 145, Anam‐ro Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 South Korea

School of Chemical and Bioengineering Institute of Engineering Research College of Engineering Seoul National University 1 Gwanak‐ro Gwanak‐gu Seoul 08826 South Korea

Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Inha University Incheon 22212 South Korea

Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon‐do 24341 South Korea

Department of Integrative Energy Engineering Korea University 145, Anam‐ro Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 South Korea

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea

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