Engineering Glomerular Filtration Barrier‐Penetrating Nanoprobes toward Targeted‐Precision Diagnosis of Renal Tubular Diseases

ABSTRACT The renal tubule (RT) is one of the primary sites of origin and the most important sites of occurrence of renal injury, renal fibrosis (RF) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Given the complex pathogenesis of these conditions and the unique anatomical structure of the kidney, traditional diagnostic methods such as liquid biopsy, tissue biopsy, and conventional imaging have significant obstacles in achieving early and accurate diagnosis. Nanoprobes have unique physicochemical properties of high specificity and high sensitivity, and can accurately change the pathological changes in the kidney into distinguishable signal differences in the image, which can effectively overcome the technical bottleneck in the early diagnosis of renal tubular diseases. This article systematically reviews the progress in the development of nanoprobes in the diagnosis of renal tubular diseases, emphasizes on the analysis of the design, functional modification and targeting strategies of molecular probes, compares the advantages and disadvantages of various modification and targeting strategies, and organizes the technical context based on preclinical research data. It seeks to open viable routes to the clinical translation of nanoprobes, development directions for multimodal/microenvironment‐responsive diagnostic platforms and provide key technical support to upgrade the personalized diagnosis of renal tubular diseases.