Multifaceted Immunomodulatory Nanoliposomes: Reshaping Tumors into Vaccines for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy

The design and synthesis of nanoparticles mimicking the key features in size, shape, and surface molecular organization of biological objects that provide danger‐signals are essential in the formulation of effective vaccine. Here, multifaceted immunomodulatory nanoliposomes (denoted as “tumosomes”) that can turn tumors into vaccines and induce enhanced antitumor immune response are suggested. Multifaceted tumosomes are synthesized by assembling tumor cell membrane proteins as tumor‐associated antigens with two lipid‐based adjuvants as pathogen characters (i.e., monophosphoryl lipid A as a danger signal, dimethyldioctadecylammonium as a cell‐invasion moiety). The enhanced antitumor immunity of tumosomes afforded by the improved antigenicity and antigen uptake efficiency is also evaluated in a tumor challenge experiment after their image‐guided intralymph node injection. Tumosomes are able to provide tumor antigens and molecular adjuvants for the priming of a long‐term adaptive immune response in tumor draining lymph nodes, as well as in the spleen. Tumosome injection leads to an inhibition of tumor growth, and the survival rate of mice treated with the tumosomes is higher than those of other groups. Taken together, the tumosomes are expected to be used for the reshaping the immune response in the lymph node and enhanced antitumor immunity.