Recent Advances in Photoelectroanalysis: Carbon‐Containing Materials for Enhanced Sensing Performance

Abstract Due to its unique combination of electrochemical and optical techniques, photoelectrochemistry (PEC) offers several advantages in biosensing and attracts extensive attention in diverse fields from bioanalysis to clinical diagnosis. The performance of biosensors significantly relies on effective signal transduction, making signal regulation crucial. Functional carbon‐containing materials show significant potential for modulating electronic structure, controlling their physiochemical properties, thus emerging as promising candidates for biosensing applications. While comprehensive reviews exist for PEC biosensors based on other materials, a dedicated review specifically focusing on carbon‐containing materials and strategies utilized to enhance their photoelectrochemical performance remains scarce. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the utilization of carbon‐containing materials in PEC biosensing, outlining the challenges and strategies used to enhance their performance. The key strategies include the electronic structure modulation (e.g., engineering doping and defects, enriching charge‐transfer pathway, and constructing built‐in electric field) and structural and surface control (e.g., improving light harvesting ability and constructing biocompatible interfaces). Furthermore, this review examines recent progress in carbon‐containing materials for PEC biosensing, highlighting the unique advantages and diverse applications. Finally, this review discusses the key challenges and future opportunities in this field, providing insights to guide the development of next‐generation, high‐performance PEC biosensors.