journal article·2025-08Open access

Achieving Ultra‐Fast and Stable Sodium‐Ion Batteries Through Deep Activation of Low‐Spin Iron in Prussian Blue

Dong Yang, Haonan Wang, Yue Zhao, Mengting Guo, Di Xie, Nankai Wang, Fei Wang, Changping Wang, Tianyi Li, Yan He, Mingyue Ruan, Qiang Li

Advanced Functional Materials· Volume 35· Issue 34

Abstract

Abstract Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) are promising cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity, abundant iron resources, and simple synthesis. However, their practical implementation is limited by [Fe(CN)₆] vacancies and crystal water, which compromise structural stability and hinder the redox activity of low‐spin iron (Fe LS ). Herein, a modulation strategy through activating Fe LS site by introducing Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ in iron‐based PBA is adopted. Na₁.₅₅Cu₀.₀₅₃Zn₀.₀₆₀₈Fe₀.₈₉[Fe(CN)₆]₀.₉₄□₀.₀₆·1.80H₂O (CZ‐FeFe), is successfully synthesized using co‐precipitation. The initial capacity of CZ‐FeFe is dramatically enhanced by activating the Fe LS redox activity (from 0.48 to 0.80 e − ), verified by quasi‐in situ magnetic characterization. Theoretical calculations show improved electron transport and ion diffusion in CZ‐FeFe. Simultaneously, the incorporation of Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ is also beneficial for reducing [Fe(CN)₆] vacancies, minimizing crystal water, and slowing the phase transition between monoclinic and cubic structure, leading to superior long‐cycling stability. As a result, CZ‐FeFe exhibits a high specific capacity of 144.7 mAh g −1 at 1 C, exceptional rate performance, and remarkable long‐term stability (77.21% capacity retention after 2500 cycles at 10 C). The full‐cell performance further confirms the activation of Fe LS (from 0.21 to 0.52 e − ), along with improvements in rate performance and cycling stability.
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Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advancements in Battery Materials · Extraction and Separation Processes · Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

College of Physics College of Materials Science and Engineering Weihai Innovation Research Institute Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China

Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center & School of Physics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Institute for Quantum Computing University of Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada

Funding

Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province · Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province · National Natural Science Foundation of China

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