journal article·2023-06

A Review of Durable Flame-Retardant Fabrics by Finishing: Fabrication Strategies and Challenges

Peng Qi, Feng Chen, Yuchun Li, Hongfei Li, Xiaoyu Gu, Jun Sun, Sheng Zhang

Advanced Fiber Materials· Volume 5· Issue 3
Publisher page

Abstract

Fabrics with durable flame retardancy are of great importance for preventing potential fire threats in daily life. This review presents a comprehensive discussion of advances in durable flame-retardant fabrics by finishing over the decade. The environmentally sustainable and toxicologically acceptable strategies for improving the durable flame retardancy of fabrics are classified into six types:. (i) the formation of covalent bonds, (ii) the formation of crosslinking networks, (iii) the formation of water-insoluble products, (iv) the use of adhesive layers, (v) the construction of hydrophobic layers, and (vi) the intercalation of flame-retardants into fibres. The design principles, methodologies, and existing problems of different fabrication strategies for imparting durable flame retardancy are summarized and reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are critically discussed. The current challenges and future opportunities are also proposed based on the current market requirements and state-of-the-art technologies. Many recent methodologies have great potential for replacing the conventional durable flame-retardant processes of cellulosic textiles.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Flame retardant materials and properties · Fire dynamics and safety research · Polymer composites and self-healing

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Zhu C, Wu J, Yan J, Liu X. Advanced fiber materials for wearable electronics. Adv Fiber Mater. 2022;. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-022-00212-0.10.1007/s42765-022-00212-0 ↗
2. Li H, Tang R, Dai J, Wang Z, Meng S, Zhang X, Cheng F. Recent progress in flax fiber-based functional composites. Adv Fiber Mater. 2022;4:171.10.1007/s42765-021-00115-6 ↗
3. Kundu CK, Li Z, Song L, Hu Y. An overview of fire retardant treatments for synthetic textiles: From traditional approaches to recent applications. Eur Polym J. 2020;137:109911.10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109911 ↗
4. Horrocks AR, Kandola BK, Davies PJ, Zhang S, Padbury SA. Developments in flame retardant textiles—a review. Polym Degrad Stab. 2005;88:3.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2003.10.024 ↗
5. Horrocks AR, Kandola BK, Smart G, Zhang S, Hull TR. Polypropylene fibers containing dispersed clays having improved fire performance. I. Effect of nanoclays on processing parameters and fiber properties. J Appl Polym Sci. 2007;106:1707.10.1002/app.26864 ↗
6. Zhang S, Horrocks AR, Hull R, Kandola BK. Flammability, degradation and structural characterization of fibre-forming polypropylene containing nanoclay–flame retardant combinations. Polym Degrad Stab. 2006;91:719.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.05.023 ↗
7. Horrocks AR, Zhang S. Enhancing polymer flame retardancy by reaction with phosphorylated polyols. Part 2. Cellulose treated with a phosphonium salt urea condensate (proban CC®) flame retardant. Fire Mater. 2002;26:173.10.1002/fam.794 ↗
8. Horrocks AR. Flame retardant challenges for textiles and fibres: New chemistry versus innovatory solutions. Polym Degrad Stab. 2011;96:377.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.036 ↗
9. Qiu X, Li Z, Li X, Zhang Z. Flame retardant coatings prepared using layer by layer assembly: a review. Chem Eng J. 2018;334:108.10.1016/j.cej.2017.09.194 ↗
10. Malucelli G. Sol-gel and layer-by-layer coatings for flame-retardant cotton fabrics: recent advances. Coatings. 2020;10:333.10.3390/coatings10040333 ↗
11. Lazar ST, Kolibaba TJ, Grunlan JC. Flame-retardant surface treatments. Nat Rev Mater. 2020;5:259.10.1038/s41578-019-0164-6 ↗
12. Liu BW, Zhao HB, Wang YZ. Advanced flame-retardant methods for polymeric materials. Adv Mater. 2021;34:2107905.10.1002/adma.202107905 ↗
13. Zhang S, Horrocks AR. A review of flame retardant polypropylene fibres. Prog Polym Sci. 2003;28:1517.10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2003.09.001 ↗
14. Malucelli G. Biomacromolecules and bio-sourced products for the design of flame retarded fabrics: current state of the art and future perspectives. Molecules. 2019;24:3774.10.3390/molecules24203774 ↗
15. Alongi J, Carosio F, Kiekens P. Recent advances in the design of water based-flame retardant coatings for polyester and polyester-cotton blends. Polymers (Basel). 2016;8:357.10.3390/polym8100357 ↗
16. Özer MS, Gaan S. Recent developments in phosphorus based flame retardant coatings for textiles: synthesis, applications and performance. Progress Org Coat. 2022;171:107027.10.1016/j.porgcoat.2022.107027 ↗
17. Salmeia KA, Gaan S, Malucelli G. Recent advances for flame retardancy of textiles based on phosphorus chemistry. Polymers (Basel). 2016;8:319.10.3390/polym8090319 ↗
18. Sykam K, Försth M, Sas G, Restás Á, Das O. Phytic acid: a bio-based flame retardant for cotton and wool fabrics. Ind Crops Prod. 2021;164:113349.10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113349 ↗
19. Horrocks AR. The potential for bio-sustainable organobromine-containing flame retardant formulations for textile applications—a review. Polymers (Basel). 2020;12:1260.10.3390/polym12092160 ↗
20. Zhang L, Li Z, Wang D-Y. Polydopamine-assisted strategies for preparation of fire-safe polymeric materials: a review. Eur Polym J. 2020;138:109973.10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109973 ↗
21. Feng Q, Gu X, Zhang S, Zhao B, Sun J, Li X, Dong M. An Antidripping flame retardant finishing for polyethylene terephthalate fabric. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2012;51:14708.10.1021/ie301508q ↗
22. Guo Q, Yang Y, Li L, Sun J, Liu W, Gu X, Li H, Zhang S. Construction of bio-safety flame retardant coatings on polyethylene terephthalate fabric with ammonium phytate and cyclodextrin. Polym Adv Technol. 2021;32:4440.10.1002/pat.5447 ↗
23. Wang X, Wang W, Wang S, Yang Y, Li H, Sun J, Gu X, Zhang S. Self-intumescent polyelectrolyte for flame retardant poly (lactic acid) nonwovens. J Clean Prod. 2021;282: 124497.10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124497 ↗
24. Qi P, Wang X, Wang Y, Gu X, Zhang S. Intumescent flame retardant finishing for polypropylene nonwoven fabric. J Ind Text. 2020;51:5186S–5201S.10.1177/1528083720938158 ↗
25. Yang Y, Wang X, Cheng X, Li H, Gu X, Sun J, Zhang S. Improving the flame retardant and antibacterial performance of polyester/cotton blend fabrics with organic-inorganic hybrid coating. Polym Degrad Stabil. 2022;200:109944.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109944 ↗
26. Horrocks AR, Zhang S. Enhancing polymer char formation by reaction with phosphorylated polyols. 1. Cellulose. Polymer. 2001;42:8025–8033.10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00321-4 ↗
27. Yang Y, Wang X, Fei B, Li H, Gu X, Sun J, Zhang S. Preparation of phytic acid-based green intumescent flame retardant and its application in PLA nonwovens. Polym Adv Technol. 2021;32:3039.10.1002/pat.5316 ↗
28. Wang X, Liu C, Meng D, Sun J, Fei B, Li H, Gu X, Zhang S. Surface integration of polyelectrolyte and zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 for multifunctional poly (lactic acid) non-woven fabrics. Appl Surf Sci. 2021;569:151039.10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.151039 ↗
29. Zhang S, Horrocks AR. Substantive intumescence from phosphorylated 1,3-propanediol derivatives substituted on to cellulose. J Appl Polym Sci. 2003;90:3165.10.1002/app.12733 ↗
30. Meng D, Guo J, Wang A, Gu X, Wang Z, Jiang S, Zhang S. The fire performance of polyamide66 fabric coated with soybean protein isolation. Progress Org Coat. 2020;148:105835.10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105835 ↗
31. Zeng F, Qin Z, Chen Y, Shan X. Constructing polyaniline nanowire arrays as efficient traps on graphene sheets to promote compound synergetic effect in the assembled coating for multifunctional protective cotton fabrics. Chem Engg J. 2021;426:130819.10.1016/j.cej.2021.130819 ↗
32. Sun J, Gu X, Dong Q, Zhang S, Liu W, Li L, Chen X. Durable flame-retardant finishing for polyamide 66 fabrics by surface hydroxymethylation and crosslinking. Polym Adv Technol. 2013;24:10.10.1002/pat.3041 ↗
33. Zhao Q, Gu X, Zhang S, Dong M, Jiang P, Hu Z. Surface modification of polyamide 66 fabric by microwave induced grafting with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Surf Coat Technol. 2014;240:197.10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.12.003 ↗
34. Li X, Gu X, Zhang S, Li H, Feng Q, Sun J, Zhao Q. Improving the fire performance of nylon 6,6 fabric by chemical grafting with acrylamide. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2013;52:2290.10.1021/ie302452e ↗
35. Liu J, Qiu S, Qi P, Sun J, Li H, Gu X, Zhang S. Constructing a fully biobased coating to improve the flame retardancy, antibacterial properties, and UV resistance of polyamide 6 fabrics. ACS Appl Eng Mat. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaenm.2c00061.10.1021/acsaenm.2c00061 ↗
36. Jiang P, Zhao Q, Zhang S, Gu X, Hu Z, Xu G. Flammability and char formation of polyamide 66 fabric: chemical grafting versus pad-dry process. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2015;54:6085.10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01104 ↗
37. Meng X, Qi P, Sun J, Li H, Zhang S, Liu X, Gu X. Fabrication of transparent clay-polymer hybrid coatings on PET film to enhance flame retardancy and oxygen barrier properties. Progress Org Coat. 2020;147:105788.10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105788 ↗
38. Xu F, Zhong L, Zhang C, Wang P, Zhang F, Zhang G. Novel high-efficiency casein-based P-N-containing flame retardants with multiple reactive groups for cotton fabrics. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2019;7:13999.10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b02474 ↗
39. Liu W, Shi R, Zhang Z, Ge X, Li P, Chen X. Facile strategy to fabricate the flame retardant polyamide 66 fabric modified with an inorganic-organic hybrid structure. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021;13:9122.10.1021/acsami.0c17778 ↗
40. Zhao B, Kolibaba TJ, Lazar S, Grunlan JC. Facile two-step phosphazine-based network coating for flame retardant cotton. Cellulose. 2020;27:4123.10.1007/s10570-020-03047-3 ↗
41. Miao Z, Yan D, Zhang T, Yang F, Zhang S, Liu W, Wu Z. High-efficiency flame retardants of a P-N-rich polyphosphazene elastomer nanocoating on cotton fabric. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021;13:32094.10.1021/acsami.1c05884 ↗
42. Peng H, Wang D, Fu S. Biomimetic construction of highly durable nacre-like MoS2 bio-nanocomposite coatings on polyacrylonitrile textile for intumescent flame retardation and sustainable solar-thermal-electricity conversion. Compos Part B Eng. 2021;215:108742.10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108742 ↗
43. Guo W, Wang X, Huang J, Zhou Y, Cai W, Wang J, Song L, Hu Y. Construction of durable flame-retardant and robust superhydrophobic coatings on cotton fabrics for water-oil separation application. Chem Eng J. 2020; 398:25661.10.1016/j.cej.2020.125661 ↗
44. Liu Y, Zhao W, Yu X, Zhang J, Ren Y, Liu X, Qu H, Wang J. Preparation of dyeing, flame retardant and anti-dripping polyethylene terephthalate fibers based on natural sodium copper chlorophyll dyeing and intercalation of phosphorylated sucrose fatty acid ester. Compos Part B Eng. 2022;245:110194.10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110194 ↗
45. Li L, Qi P, Sun J, Liu W, Li H, Gu X, Zhang S. Improving the fire performance and washing durability of nylon-cotton blend fabrics by the incorporation taurine derivatives. Progress Org Coat. 2022;171:107018.10.1016/j.porgcoat.2022.107018 ↗
46. Guo Y, Xiao M, Ren Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Guo X, Liu X. Synthesis of an effective halogen-free flame retardant rich in phosphorus and nitrogen for lyocell fabric. Cellulose. 2021;28:7355.10.1007/s10570-021-03975-8 ↗
47. Liu X-h, Zhang Y-g, Cheng B-w, Ren Y-l, Zhang Q-y, Ding C, Peng B. Preparation of durable and flame retardant lyocell fibers by a one-pot chemical treatment. Cellulose. 2018;25:6745.10.1007/s10570-018-2005-y ↗
48. Xiao M, Guo Y, Zhang J, Liu Y, Ren Y, Liu X. Diethylene triamine penta methylene phosphonic acid encountered silver ions: a convenient method for preparation of flame retardant and antibacterial lyocell fabric. Cellulose. 2021;28:7465.10.1007/s10570-021-04000-8 ↗
49. Tan W, Ren Y, Xiao M, Guo Y, Liu Y, Zhang J, Zhou X, Liu X. Enhancing the flame retardancy of lyocell fabric finished with an efficient, halogen-free flame retardant. RSC Adv. 2021;11:34926.10.1039/D1RA06573D ↗
50. Chen J, Liu Y, Zhang J, Ren Y, Liu X. Synthesis of novel arginine-based flame retardant and its application in lyocell fabric. Molecules. 2021;26:3588.10.3390/molecules26123588 ↗
51. Zhang Y, Liu Y, Wen H, Wang Q. Durable flame retardant and mechanism of bamboo fabric through grafting based on arginine. Cellulose. 2021;28:8187.10.1007/s10570-021-04056-6 ↗
52. Huang Y-T, Jin W-J, Guan J-P, Cheng X-W, Chen G. Functionalization of silk fabric using phytate urea salt for durable flame retardant performance. Mater Today Commun. 2021;28:102673.10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102673 ↗
53. Lu Y, Lu Y, Yang Y, Liu Y, Ding D, Chen Y, Zhang G. Synthesis and application of a novel high durable cotton flame retardant rich in P N covalent bonds and ammonium phosphate groups. Chem Eng J. 2023;454:140422.10.1016/j.cej.2022.140422 ↗
54. Xu F, Zhong L, Xu Y, Zhang C, Zhang F, Zhang G. Highly efficient flame-retardant and soft cotton fabric prepared by a novel reactive flame retardant. Cellulose. 2019;26:4225.10.1007/s10570-019-02374-4 ↗
55. Gou T, Wu X, Zhao Q, Chang S, Wang P. Novel phosphorus/nitrogen-rich oligomer with numerous reactive groups for durable flame-retardant cotton fabric. Cellulose. 2021;28:7405.10.1007/s10570-021-03980-x ↗
56. Jia Y, Lu Y, Zhang G, Liang Y, Zhang F. Facile synthesis of an eco-friendly nitrogen–phosphorus ammonium salt to enhance the durability and flame retardancy of cotton. J Mater Chem A. 2017;5:9970.10.1039/C7TA01106G ↗
57. Ling C, Tan Y, Wang Y, Guo L. Effect of treatment-varying generation number of with hyperbranched polyphosphate ammonium salts on the fire retardant finish performance of cotton fabric. Cellulose. 2021;28:3823.10.1007/s10570-021-03744-7 ↗
58. Feng Y, Zhou Y, Li D, He S, Zhang F, Zhang G. A plant-based reactive ammonium phytate for use as a flame-retardant for cotton fabric. Carbohydr Polym. 2017;175:636.10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.129 ↗
59. Liu X-h, Zhang Q-y, Cheng B-w, Ren Y-l, Zhang Y-g, Ding C. Durable flame retardant cellulosic fibers modified with novel, facile and efficient phytic acid-based finishing agent. Cellulose. 2017;25:799.10.1007/s10570-017-1550-0 ↗
60. Ma Y, Luo X, Liu L, Zhang C, Shang X, Yao J. Eco-friendly, efficient and durable fireproof cotton fabric prepared by a feasible phytic acid grafting route. Cellulose. 2021;28:3887.10.1007/s10570-021-03767-0 ↗
61. Zhu W, Hao S, Yang M, Cheng B, Zhang J. A synergistic flame retardant of glycosyl cross-linking boron acid and ammonium salt of phytic acid to enhance durable flame retardancy of cotton fabrics. Cellulose. 2020;27:9699.10.1007/s10570-020-03417-x ↗
62. Li X-L, Shi X-H, Chen M-J, Liu Q-Y, Li Y-M, Li Z, Huang Y-H, Wang D-Y. Biomass-based coating from chitosan for cotton fabric with excellent flame retardancy and improved durability. Cellulose. 2022;29:5289.10.1007/s10570-022-04566-x ↗
63. Chen Y, Wan C, Liu S, Wang P, Zhang G. A novel biomolecule and reactive flame retardant based on methionine for cotton fabrics. Cellulose. 2021;28:11665.10.1007/s10570-021-04255-1 ↗
64. Huang S, Zhong L, Li S, Liu M, Zhang Z, Zhang F, Zhang G. A novel monosodium-glutamate-based flame retardant containing phosphorus for cotton fabrics. Cellulose. 2019;26:2715.10.1007/s10570-018-02241-8 ↗
65. Liu X-h, Ding C, Peng B, Ren Y-l, Cheng B-w, Lin S-g, He J, Su X-w. Synthesis and application of a new, facile, and efficient sorbitol-based finishing agent for durable and flame retardant lyocell fibers. Cellulose. 2020;27:3427.10.1007/s10570-019-02894-z ↗
66. Ren Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Guo X, Liu X. Preparation of durable and flame retardant lyocell fabrics by using a biomass-based modifier derived from vitamin C. Cellulose. 2020;27:6677.10.1007/s10570-020-03218-2 ↗
67. Wan C, Liu M, Tian P, Zhang G, Zhang F. Renewable vitamin B5 reactive N-P flame retardant endows cotton with excellent fire resistance and durability. Cellulose. 2019;27:1745.10.1007/s10570-019-02886-z ↗
68. Wan C, Zhang G, Zhang F. A novel guanidine ammonium phosphate for preparation of a reactive durable flame retardant for cotton fabric. Cellulose. 2020;27:3469.10.1007/s10570-020-03003-1 ↗
69. Xu F, Zhang G, Wang P, Dai F. A novel ε-polylysine-derived durable phosphorus-nitrogen-based flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Cellulose. 2021;28:3807.10.1007/s10570-021-03714-z ↗
70. Zhang F, Lu Y, Wan C, Tian P, Liu M, Zhang G. A bio-resourced mannitol phospholipid ammonium reactive flame retardant for cotton with efficient antiflaming and durability. Cellulose. 2020;27:4803.10.1007/s10570-020-03064-2 ↗
71. Liao Y, Chen Y, Zhang F. A biological reactive flame retardant for flame retardant modification of cotton fabric. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects. 2021;630:127601.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127601 ↗
72. Chen Y, Liu S, Wan C, Zhang G. Facile synthesis of a high efficiency and durability L-citrulline flame retardant for cotton. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021;166:1429.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.022 ↗
73. Liao Y, Chen Y, Wan C, Zhang G, Zhang F. An eco-friendly NP flame retardant for durable flame-retardant treatment of cotton fabric. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021;187:251.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.130 ↗
74. Xu F, Zhang G, Wang P, Dai F. Durable and high-efficiency casein-derived phosphorus-nitrogen-rich flame retardants for cotton fabrics. Cellulose. 2022;29:2681.10.1007/s10570-022-04430-y ↗
75. Liu M, Huang S, Zhang G, Zhang F. Synthesis of P-N–Si synergistic flame retardant based on a cyclodiphosphazane derivative for use on cotton fabric. Cellulose. 2019;26:7553.10.1007/s10570-019-02608-5 ↗
76. Tian P, Lu Y, Wang D, Zhang G, Zhang F. Solvent-free synthesis of silicon–nitrogen–phosphorus flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Cellulose. 2019;26:6995.10.1007/s10570-019-02554-2 ↗
77. Hao S, Zhu W, Huang H, Yang M, Zhang J. A Phosphorous-aluminium-nitride synergistic flame retardant to enhance durability and flame retardancy of cotton. ChemistrySelect. 2019;4:13952.10.1002/slct.201903370 ↗
78. Li S, Huang S, Xu F, Zhao T, Zhang F, Zhang G. Imparting superhydrophobicity and flame retardancy simultaneously on cotton fabrics. Cellulose. 2020;27:3989.10.1007/s10570-020-03041-9 ↗
79. Wang J, He J, Ma L, Zhang Y, Shen L, Xiong S, Li K, Qu M. Multifunctional conductive cellulose fabric with flexibility, superamphiphobicity and flame-retardancy for all-weather wearable smart electronic textiles and high-temperature warning device. Chem Eng J. 2020;390:124508.10.1016/j.cej.2020.124508 ↗
80. Zhang J, Chen B, Liu J, Zhu P, Liu Y, Jiang Z, Dong C, Lu Z. Multifunctional antimicrobial and flame retardant cotton fabrics modified with a novel N, N-di(ethyl phosphate) biguanide. Cellulose. 2020;27:7255.10.1007/s10570-020-03256-w ↗
81. Zhao P, Xu F, Chen Y, Huang T, Zhang G. A novel durable flame retardant for cotton fabrics based on diethylenetriamine. Polym Degrad Stabil. 2022;195:109796.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109796 ↗
82. Ding D, Liu Y, Lu Y, Liao Y, Chen Y, Zhang G, Zhang F. Highly effective and durable P-N synergistic flame retardant containing ammonium phosphate and phosphonate for cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stabil. 2022;200:109964.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109964 ↗
83. Zheng D, Zhou J, Wang Y, Zhang F, Zhang G. A reactive flame retardant ammonium salt of diethylenetriaminepenta(methylene-phosphonic acid) for enhancing flame retardancy of cotton fabrics. Cellulose. 2017;25:787.10.1007/s10570-017-1543-z ↗
84. Tu J, Mao T, Xie S, Guan J, Xiao H, Wang P. Environmentally benign flame-retardant cotton fabric with superior anti-wrinkle performance and restorable flame retardancy. Ind Crops Prod. 2022;189:115856.10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115856 ↗
85. Qi P, Li Y, Yao Y, Sun J, Li L, Liu J, Gu X, Li H, Zhang S. Ultra washing durable flame retardant coating for cotton fabric by the covalent bonding and interface polymerization. Chem Eng J. 2023;452:139453.10.1016/j.cej.2022.139453 ↗
86. Lu Y, Zhao P, Chen Y, Lu Y, Zhang G. A novel polymer reactive flame retardant for the preparation of highly durable cotton fabrics. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;223:1394–1404.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.033 ↗
87. Luo X, Li Z, Shen J, Liu L, Chen H, Hu Z, Krucinska I, Yao J. A facile strategy to achieve efficient flame-retardant cotton fabric with durable and restorable fire resistance. Chem Eng J. 2022;430:132854.10.1016/j.cej.2021.132854 ↗
88. Yu S, Xia Z, Kiratitanavit W, Kulkarni S, Kumar J, Mosurkal R, Nagarajan R. Facile microwave assisted flame retardant treatment for cotton fabric using a biobased industrial byproduct: phytic acid. Cellulose. 2021;28:10655.10.1007/s10570-021-04191-0 ↗
89. Cheng X-W, Wang Z-Y, Jin W-J, Guan J-P. Covalent flame-retardant functionalization of wool fabric using ammonium phytate with improved washing durability. Ind Crops Prod. 2022;187:115332.10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115332 ↗
90. Huang S, Feng Y, Li S, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Zhang G. A novel high whiteness flame retardant for cotton. Polym Degrad Stab. 2019;164:157.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.014 ↗
91. Ding D, Liu Y, Lu Y, Chen Y, Liao Y, Zhang G, Zhang F. A Formaldehyde-free P-N synergistic flame retardant containing phosphonate and ammonium phosphate for cotton fabrics. J Nat Fibers. 2022;1:109964.
92. Chen Y, Wan C, Liu S, Wang P, Zhang G. A novel flame retardant based on polyhydric alcohols and P-N synergy for treatment of cotton fabrics. Cellulose. 2021;28:1781.10.1007/s10570-020-03615-7 ↗
93. Li S, Zhong L, Huang S, Wang D, Zhang F, Zhang G. A novel flame retardant with reactive ammonium phosphate groups and polymerizing ability for preparing durable flame retardant and stiff cotton fabric. Polym Degrad Stab. 2019;164:145.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.04.009 ↗
94. Sun L, Xie Y, Wu J, Wang H, Wang S, Li W, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhu P, Lu Z, Dong C. A novel P/N-based flame retardant synthesized by one-step method toward cotton materials and its flame-retardant mechanism. Cellulose. 2021;28:3249.10.1007/s10570-021-03728-7 ↗
95. Tian P, Liu M, Wan C, Zhang G, Zhang F. Synthesis of a formaldehyde-free flame retardant for cotton fabric. Cellulose. 2019;26:9889.10.1007/s10570-019-02751-z ↗
96. Zheng D, Zhou J, Zhong L, Zhang F, Zhang G. A novel durable and high-phosphorous-containing flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Cellulose. 2016;23:2211.10.1007/s10570-016-0949-3 ↗
97. Liu M, Huang S, Zhang G, Zhang F. An efficient anti-flaming phosphorus-containing guanazole derivative for cotton fabric. Cellulose. 2019;26:2791.10.1007/s10570-019-02275-6 ↗
98. Lu Y, Jia Y, Zhou Y, Zou J, Zhang G, Zhang F. Straightforward one-step solvent-free synthesis of the flame retardant for cotton with excellent efficiency and durability. Carbohydr Polym. 2018;201:438.10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.078 ↗
99. Wan C, Liu S, Chen Y, Zhang F. Facile, one-pot, formaldehyde-free synthesis of reactive NP flame retardant for a biomolecule of cotton. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;163:1659.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.174 ↗
100. Zhang F, Gao W, Jia Y, Lu Y, Zhang G. A concise water-solvent synthesis of highly effective, durable, and eco-friendly flame-retardant coating on cotton fabrics. Carbohydr Polym. 2018;199:256.10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.085 ↗