Effect of Al and Y addition on corrosion properties of magnesium alloy
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Due to its lightweight structure, magnesium alloys have been widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries. However, the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy is a key factor limiting their further application. Rare earth alloying is an economical and effective method to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. In this work, Mg–2Y–2Al (wt%) alloy was prepared by conventional casting method. After 168 h of immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, the corrosion rates determined by hydrogen evolution test and mass loss experiment were 0.57 mm/y and 1.01 mm/y, respectively. The results provide a basic understanding of the synergistic effect of Al and Y on enhancing the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. The co-addition of Al and Y is conducive to the formation of a stronger protective film on the alloy surface and effectively inhibits the corrosion of alloys. It provides important insights for the future development of high-performance and corrosion-resistant magnesium alloys.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Magnesium Alloys: Properties and Applications · Corrosion Behavior and Inhibition · Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an 710048 , China
Xi’an Shechtman Nobel Prize New Materials Institute , Xi’an 710048 , China
Xi’an Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy Additive Manufacturing and Precision Forming , Xi’an 710048 , China
Funding
Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province · Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department · Doctoral Dissertations Innovation Fund of Xi’an University of Technology · the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of Shaanxi Province · National Natural Science Foundation of China · Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province · Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi · Projects of Major Scientific and Technological Achievements Local Transformation of Xi’an · Qin Chuangyuan Scientist Engineer team construction
References (64)
Show source-provided references
1. ASTM International (2003). Standard practice for preparing, cleaning, and evaluating corrosion test specimens (ASTM G1-03). ASTM International.
2. Azarian, N. and Khoei, S.M.M. (2021). Characteristics of a multi-component MgO-based bioceramic coating synthesized in-situ by plasma electrolytic oxidation. J. Magnes Alloys 9: 1595–1608.10.1016/j.jma.2020.12.018 ↗
3. Azzeddine, H., Hanna, A., Dakhouche, A., Rabahi, L., Scharnagl, N., Dopita, M., Brisset, F., Helbert, A.L., and Baudin, T. (2020). Impact of rare-earth elements on the corrosion performance of binary magnesium alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 829: 154569, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154569.10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154569 ↗
4. Bakhsheshi-Rad, H.R., Abdul-Kadir, M.R., Idris, M.H., and Farahany, S. (2012). Relationship between the corrosion behavior and the thermal characteristics and microstructure of Mg–0.5Ca–xZn alloys. Corros. Sci. 64: 184–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2012.07.015.10.1016/j.corsci.2012.07.015 ↗
5. Bakhsheshi-Rad, H.R., Abdellahi, M., Hamzah, E., Ismail, A.F., and Bahmanpour, M. (2016). Modelling corrosion rate of biodegradable magnesium-based alloys: the case study of Mg-Zn-RE-xCa (x = 0, 0.5, 1.5, 3 and 6 wt%) alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 687: 630–642, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.06.149.10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.06.149 ↗
6. Baril, G., Galicia, G., Deslouis, C., Pébère, N., Tribollet, B., and Vivier, V. (2007). An impedance investigation of the mechanism of pure magnesium corrosion in sodium sulfate solutions. J. Electrochem. Soc. 154: C108, https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2401056.10.1149/1.2401056 ↗
7. Bland, L.G., Gusieva, K., and Scully, J.R. (2017). Effect of crystallographic orientation on the corrosion of magnesium: comparison of film forming and bare crystal facets using electrochemical impedance and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochim. Acta 227: 136–151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.107.10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.107 ↗
8. Cao, F., Shi, Z., Song, G.L., Liu, M., and Atrens, A. (2013). Corrosion behaviour in salt spray and in 3.5% NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)2 of as-cast and solution heat-treated binary Mg–X alloys: X=Mn, Sn, Ca, Zn, Al, Zr, Si, Sr. Corros. Sci. 76: 60–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.06.030.10.1016/j.corsci.2013.06.030 ↗
9. Cao, F., Song, G.L., and Atrens, A. (2016). Corrosion and passivation of magnesium alloys. Corros. Sci. 111: 835–845, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.05.041.10.1016/j.corsci.2016.05.041 ↗
10. Cao, F., Zhao, C., You, J., Hu, J., Zheng, D., and Song, G.L. (2019). The inhibitive effect of artificial seawater on magnesium corrosion. Adv. Eng. Mater. 21: 1900363, https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201900363.10.1002/adem.201900363 ↗
11. Chen, Z., Bao, C., Jian, Y., Wang, Q., and Chen, F. (2019). Microstructure and corrosion resistance of SiC nanoparticles reinforced ceramic composite coating on Mg-Li based composite by micro-arc oxidation. J. Electrochem. Soc. 166: C571–C579, https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1181915jes.10.1149/2.1181915jes ↗
12. Chu, P., Fan, C., and Yang, C. (2024). Corrosion behavior and microstructure of the surface corrosion film of biodegradable WE43 and ZX21 Mg alloys in Hanks’ balanced salt solution. Mater. Chem. Phys. 312: 128609, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.128609.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.128609 ↗
13. Cui, X., Yu, Z., Zhang, X., Bai, P., and Cao, W. (2018). Effect of the second phase on corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys with different Ca contents. Rare Metal. Mat. Eng. 47: 3112–3119.
14. Das, P., Kumar, T.S., Sahu, K.K., and Gollapudi, S. (2022). Corrosion, stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue behavior of magnesium alloy bioimplants. Corros. Rev. 40: 289–333, https://doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2021-0088.10.1515/corrrev-2021-0088 ↗
15. Deng, M., Wang, L., Höche, D., Lamaka, S.V., Wang, C., Snihirova, D., Jin, Y., Zhang, Y., and Zheludkevich, M.L. (2021). Approaching “stainless magnesium” by Ca micro-alloying. Mater. Horiz. 8: 589–596, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0mh01380c.10.1039/D0MH01380C ↗
16. Esmaily, M., Svensson, J.E., Fajardo, S., Birbilis, N., Frankel, G.S., Virtanen, S., Arrabal, R., Thomas, S., and Johansson, L.G. (2017). Fundamentals and advances in magnesium alloy corrosion. Prog. Mater. Sci. 89: 92–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.04.011.10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.04.011 ↗
17. Farshid, S. and Kharaziha, M. (2020). Micro and nano-enabled approaches to improve the performance of plasma electrolytic oxidation coated magnesium alloys. J. Magnes. Alloys 9: 1487–1504, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.11.004.10.1016/j.jma.2020.11.004 ↗
18. Feliu, S., Veleva, L., and García-Galvan, F. (2019). Effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of biodegradable AZ31B magnesium alloy in Ringer’s physiological solutio. Metals 9: 591.10.3390/met9050591 ↗
19. Feng, Y., Li, Q., Zhao, T., and Pan, F. (2022). A quasi-passivated film formed on as-solutionized Mg-Sm-Zn-Zr alloy in NaCl solution. Corros. Sci. 198: 110136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2022.110136.10.1016/j.corsci.2022.110136 ↗
20. Feng, Z., Sun, Y., Duan, H., Qi, H., and Peng, M. (2023). Corrosion behaviors of Mg−39Pb−11.5Al−1B−0.4Sc alloy in 3.5 wt.% NaX (X=F, Cl, Br and I) solutions. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China. 33: 2030–2043, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(23)66241-7.10.1016/S1003-6326(23)66241-7 ↗
21. Gandel, D.S., Birbilis, N., Easton, M.N., and Gibson, M. (2011) The influence of Mn on the corrosion of Al-free Mg-alloys. In: 18th international corrosion congress 2011: 20-24 November 2011
22. Perth, Australia, Vol. 2. Australasian Corrosion Association (ACA), Blackburn VIC Australia. International Corrosion Congress 2011, Perth, WA, Australia, pp. 1009-1017.
23. Gogheri, M.S., Kasiri-Asgarani, M., Bakhsheshi-Rad, H.R., Ghayour, H., and Rafiei, M. (2020). Mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of orthopedic pure titanium−magnesium alloy screw prepared by friction welding. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China. 30: 2952–2966, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(20)65434-6.10.1016/S1003-6326(20)65434-6 ↗
24. He, R., Wang, B., Xiang, J., and Pan, T. (2021). Effect of copper additive on microstructure and anti-corrosion performance of black MAO films grown on AZ91 alloy and coloration mechanism. J. Alloys Compd. 889: 161501, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161501.10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161501 ↗
25. He, D., Gong, H., Zhang, Z., Zheng, Y., Zhang, H., and Li, Y. (2022). In-vitro corrosion behaviors of extruded Mg–Ga alloys in alpha minimum essential medium. Corros. Sci. 208: 110621, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2022.110621.10.1016/j.corsci.2022.110621 ↗
26. Huang, J., Li, Z., Liaw, B.Y., and Zhang, J.B. (2016). Graphical analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data in Bode and Nyquist representations. J. Power Sources 309: 0378–7753, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.01.073.10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.01.073 ↗
27. Huang, J.F., Song, G.L., Atrens, A., and Dargusch, M. (2020). What activates the Mg surface. A comparison of Mg dissolution mechanisms. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 57: 204–220, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.03.060.10.1016/j.jmst.2020.03.060 ↗
28. Kim, H.S., Kim, G.H., Kim, H., and Kim, W.J. (2013). Effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of Bbodegradable AZ31B magnesium alloy in Ringer’s physiological solution. Corros. Sci. 74: 139–148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.04.035.10.1016/j.corsci.2013.04.035 ↗
29. Kim, J.I., Nguyen, H.N., You, B.S., and Kim, Y.M. (2019). Effect of Y addition on removal of Fe impurity from magnesium alloys. Scripta Mater. 162: 355–360, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.11.046.10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.11.046 ↗
30. Li, J., Jiang, Q., Sun, H., and Li, Y. (2016). Effect of heat treatment on corrosion behavior of AZ63 magnesium alloy in 3.5 wt.% sodium chloride solution. Corros. Sci. 111: 288–301, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.05.019.10.1016/j.corsci.2016.05.019 ↗
31. Li, J., Chen, Z., Jing, J., and Hou, J. (2020). Electrochemical behavior of Mg-Al-Zn-Ga-In alloy as the anode for seawater-activated battery. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 41: 33–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.08.052.10.1016/j.jmst.2019.08.052 ↗
32. Li, J., Chen, Z., Jing, J., and Hou, J. (2021). Effect of yttrium modification on the corrosion behavior of AZ63 magnesium alloy in sodium chloride solution. J. Magnes. Alloys 9: 613–626, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.02.027.10.1016/j.jma.2020.02.027 ↗
33. Liu, M., Uggowitzer, P.J., Nagasekhar, A.V., Schmutz, P., Easton, M., Song, G.L., and Atrens, A. (2009). Calculated phase diagrams and the corrosion of die-cast Mg–Al alloys. Corros. Sci. 51: 602–619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2008.12.015.10.1016/j.corsci.2008.12.015 ↗
34. Liu, M., Schmutz, P., Uggowitzer, P.J., Song, G., and Atrens, A. (2010). The influence of yttrium (Y) on the corrosion of Mg–Y binary alloys. Corros. Sci. 52: 3687–3701, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2010.07.019.10.1016/j.corsci.2010.07.019 ↗
35. Liu, W., Cao, F., Chen, A., Chang, L., Zhang, J., and Cao, C. (2012). Effect of chloride ion concentration on electrochemical behavior and corrosion product of AM60 magnesium alloy in aqueous solutions. Corrosion 68: 045001–1, https://doi.org/10.5006/0010-9312-68-4-2.10.5006/0010-9312-68-4-2 ↗
36. Liu, Q., Ma, Q., Chen, G., Cao, X., Zhang, S., Pan, J., Zhang, G., and Shi, Q. (2018). Enhanced corrosion resistance of AZ91 magnesium alloy through refinement and homogenization of surface microstructure by friction stir processing. Corros. Sci. 138: 284–296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.04.028.10.1016/j.corsci.2018.04.028 ↗
37. Milazzo, G., Caroli, S., and Braun, R.D. (1978). Tables of standard electrode potentials. J. Electrochem. Soc. 125: 261C, https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2131790.10.1149/1.2131790 ↗
38. Raman, R.K.S. (2004). The role of microstructure in localized corrosion of magnesium alloys. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 35: 2525–2531, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-0233-5.10.1007/s11661-006-0233-5 ↗
39. Saikrishna, N., Pradeep, G.P., Munirathinam, B., and Sunil, B.R. (2016). Influence of bimodal grain size distribution on the corrosion behavior of friction stir processed biodegradable AZ31 magnesium alloy. J. Magnes. Alloys 4: 68–76.10.1016/j.jma.2015.12.004 ↗
40. Shi, Z. and Atrens, A. (2011). An innovative specimen configuration for the study of Mg corrosion. Corros. Sci. 53: 226–246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2010.09.016.10.1016/j.corsci.2010.09.016 ↗
41. Shi, Z., Liu, M., and Atrens, A. (2010). Measurement of the corrosion rate of magnesium alloys using Tafel extrapolation. Corros. Sci. 52: 579–588, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2009.10.016.10.1016/j.corsci.2009.10.016 ↗
42. Shi, Z., Cao, F., Song, G.L., Liu, M., and Atrens, A. (2013). Corrosion behaviour in salt spray and in 3.5% NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)2 of as-cast and solution heat-treated binary Mg–RE alloys: RE=Ce, La, Nd, Y, Gd. Corros. Sci. 76: 98–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.06.032.10.1016/j.corsci.2013.06.032 ↗
43. Song, G.L. (2009). “Electroless” E-coating: an innovative surface treatment for magnesium alloys. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 12: D77–D79, https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3182828.10.1149/1.3182828 ↗
44. Song, G.L. and Unocic, K.A. (2015). The anodic surface film and hydrogen evolution on Mg. Corros. Sci. 98: 758–765, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2015.05.047.10.1016/j.corsci.2015.05.047 ↗
45. Song, G.L., Atrens, A., Wu, X., and Zhang, B. (1998). Corrosion behaviour of AZ21, AZ501 and AZ91 in sodium chloride. Corros. Sci. 40: 1769–1791, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-938x(98)00078-x.10.1016/S0010-938X(98)00078-X ↗
46. Song, G.L., Bowles, A.L., and StJohn, D.H. (2004). Corrosion resistance of aged die cast magnesium alloy AZ91D. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 366: 74–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.08.060.10.1016/j.msea.2003.08.060 ↗
47. Song, G.L., Unocic, K.A., Meyer, H., Cakmak, E., Brady, M.P., Gannon, P.E., Himmer, P., and Andrews, Q. (2016). The corrosion and passivity of sputtered Mg–Ti alloys. Corros. Sci. 104: 36–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2015.11.028.10.1016/j.corsci.2015.11.028 ↗
48. Taltavull, C., Shi, Z., Torres, B., Rams, J., and Atrens, A. (2014). Influence of the chloride ion concentration on the corrosion of high-purity Mg, ZE41 and AZ91 in buffered Hank’s solution. J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. M. 25: 329–345, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-013-5087-y.10.1007/s10856-013-5087-y ↗
49. Velikokhatnyi, O.I. and Kumta, P.N. (2010). First-principles studies on alloying and simplified thermodynamic aqueous chemical stability of calcium-zinc-aluminum-yttrium- and iron-doped magnesium alloys. Acta Biomater. 6: 1698–1704, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.08.016.10.1016/j.actbio.2009.08.016 ↗
50. Wang, N., Wang, R., Peng, C., Feng, Y., and Zhang, X. (2010). Corrosion behavior of Mg-Al-Pb and Mg-Al-Pb-Zn-Mn alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution. T. Nonferr. Metal. Soc. 20: 1936–1943, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(09)60398-8.10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60398-8 ↗
51. Wang, J., Li, Y.Y., Yuan, Y., Yang, L., Wu, L., Cao, F.Y., Zhang, L.G., Atrens, A., Chen, X.H., and Pan, F.S. (2023). Tailoring the corrosion behavior and mechanism of Mg-Gd-Zn alloys via Sc microalloying. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 27: 5010–5028, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.10.239.10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.10.239 ↗
52. Wu, Y.J., Ding, J.W., Peng, L.M., Zeng, X.Q., and Lin, D.L. (2011). Research progress of advanced magnesium rare-earth alloys. Mater. China 30: 1–9.
53. Wu, Y., Chen, X., Williams, G., Scully, J.R., Gengenbach, T., and Birbilis, N. (2016). Stifling magnesium corrosion via a novel anodic coating. RSC Adv. 6: 43408–43417, https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra03464k.10.1039/C6RA03464K ↗
54. Wu, L., Ding, X.X., Zhao, X.F., Liu, Y.H., Hao, X.L., Tang, A.T., Zhang, G., and Pan, F.S. (2023). Morphology, structure and corrosion resistance of Mg-Al LDH films fabricated in different Al3+ concentration solutions. Rare Met. 42: 697–704, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-018-1191-y.10.1007/s12598-018-1191-y ↗
55. Xiao, B., Song, G.L., Zheng, D., and Cao, F. (2020). A corrosion resistant die-cast Mg-9Al-1Zn anode with superior discharge performance for Mg-air battery. Mater. Design. 194: 108931, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108931.10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108931 ↗
56. Xie, Z.R., Zhang, C., Pan, H.C., Wang, Y.X., Ren, Y.P., and Qin, G.W. (2023). Microstructures and bio-corrosion resistances of as-extruded Mg-Ca alloys with ultra-fine grain size. Rare Met 42: 680–687, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-017-0945-2.10.1007/s12598-017-0945-2 ↗
57. Xu, H., Wu, Z., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Ren, J., Shi, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, L., and Liu, C. (2016). Corrosion mechanism and corrosion model of Mg-Y alloy in NaCl solution. J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. 31: 1048–1062, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-016-1489-2.10.1007/s11595-016-1489-2 ↗
58. Yang, J., Blawert, C., Lamaka, S.V., Yasakau, K.A., Wang, L., Laipple, D., Schieda, M., Di, S., and Zheludkevich, M.L. (2018). Corrosion inhibition of pure Mg containing a high level of iron impurity in pH neutral NaCl solution. Corros. Sci. 142: 222–237, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.07.027.10.1016/j.corsci.2018.07.027 ↗
59. Zeng, X., Chen, Y., Wang, J., and Jiang, J. (2021). Research progress of high-performance rare earth magnesium alloys. Chin. J. Nonferrous Met. 31: 2963–2975.
60. Zhang, T., Shao, Y., Meng, G., Cui, Z., and Wang, F. (2011). Corrosion of hot extrusion AZ91 magnesium alloy: I-relation between the microstructure and corrosion behavior. Corros. Sci. 53: 1960–1968, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2011.02.015.10.1016/j.corsci.2011.02.015 ↗
61. Zhao, M.C., Liu, M., Song, G.L., and Atrens, A. (2008). Influence of pH and chloride ion concentration on the corrosion of Mg alloy ZE41. Corros. Sci. 50: 3168–3178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2008.08.023.10.1016/j.corsci.2008.08.023 ↗
62. Zhao, M.C., Schmutz, P., Brunner, S., Liu, M., Song, G.L., and Atrens, A. (2009). An exploratory study of the corrosion of Mg alloys during interrupted salt spray testing. Corros. Sci. 51: 1277–1292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2009.03.014.10.1016/j.corsci.2009.03.014 ↗
63. Zhao, Z., Tabish, M., Zhao, J., Anjum, M., Wang, W., Wei, S., and Asl, V. (2021). Preparation and characterization of Nd-doped double-layer silane anticorrosion coating on AZ91D magnesium alloy surface. Corros. Rev. 39: 361–371, https://doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2020-0027.10.1515/corrrev-2020-0027 ↗
64. Zhu, Q., Li, Y., Cao, F., Qiu, D., Yang, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Ying, T., Ding, W., and Zeng, X. (2022). Towards development of a high-strength stainless Mg alloy with Al-assisted growth of passive film. Nat. Commun. 13: 5838, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33480-w.10.1038/s41467-022-33480-w ↗