Shaping Metal–Organic Frameworks Toward Practical Applications: From 0D to 3D

Over the past three decades, characterized by structural diversity, large specific surface area, and ultrahigh porosity, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have demonstrated broad application prospects in fields such as gas adsorption and separation, catalysis, energy, and sensing. Based on the progress of fundamental research, the shaping of MOFs has increasingly drawn attention. MOFs are typically obtained in the form of crystalline powders, which pose challenges for integration, handling, and storage. The shaping of MOFs is a complex process that requires craftsmanship and also involves numerous scientific issues. In this perspective, the shaping of MOFs through various processing techniques is introduced in sequence from 0D to 3D. In addition, the impacts of different techniques and shaped structures on practical applications are discussed. Finally, current challenges and prospects are also addressed, aiming to boost the practical applications of MOFs.