journal article·2026-07-08Open access

Electrolyte Confinement Enables a Continuous Transition From Battery‐Like to Capacitor‐Like Na + Storage via Solvent Co‐Intercalation

Yoga Trianzar Malik, Samra, Mennatalla Elmanzalawy, Thomas Pechon, Jameela Karol, Jaehoon Choi, Robert Leiter, Maciej Tobis, Wan‐Yu Tsai, Xiaolin Liu, De‐en Jiang, Simon Fleischmann

Abstract

ABSTRACT Understanding how electrolyte solvation and nanoconfinement govern sodium‐ion intercalation is essential for designing high‐power sodium storage electrodes. Here, we use a model series of hydrogen titanates with systematically expanded interlayer spacings to investigate how the degree of electrolyte confinement governs the transition from battery‐like toward capacitor‐like Na + storage signatures. In carbonate‐based electrolyte, all materials form resistive interphases, exhibit pronounced charge transfer resistance, and show conventional sluggish kinetics. In contrast, diglyme‐based electrolyte enables solvent co‐intercalation of Na + ‐diglyme complexes, limits interphase formation, and produces rectangular/capacitor‐like CV signatures with strongly reduced interfacial impedance and excellent high‐rate performance. Ex situ TEM analysis and operando dilatometry confirm reduced interphase growth and reversible co‐intercalation‐induced lattice expansion in diglyme. These findings provide direct evidence for a confinement‐controlled continuum between Faradaic and capacitive Na + storage and highlight electrolyte solvation and electrode nanoconfinement co‐design as a powerful strategy toward high‐power sodium storage.
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Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advancements in Battery Materials · Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies · Thermal Expansion and Ionic Conductivity

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Helmholtzstr. 11 Ulm Germany

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe Germany

Département de Chimie Ecole Normale Supérieure – PSL Paris France

UMR 8520 – IEMN CNRS Université de Lille Université Polytechnique Hauts‐de‐France Lille France

CNRS FR 3459 Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) Amiens France

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee USA

Funding

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft · Karlsruhe House of Young Scientists · National Science Foundation · Daimler und Benz Stiftung

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