Lithium‐Ion Batteries Participating in Frequency Regulation through Low‐Destructive Bidirectional Pulsed Current Operation

Abstract Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have enormous potential to participate in the frequency regulation (FR) of future high‐penetration renewable energy grids. This study reports the development of non‐destructive LIBs that supply FR service through controllable input–output power. The low‐destructive operation does not impair the cells and even provides a fast solid inter‐electrolyte phase for the LIB to ensure rapid diffusion of Li⁺ and suppress Li deposition. Cracks of the cathode and Li deposition on the anode appear to varying degrees when different destructive operations are adopted. The extraordinary capability of such non‐destructive operations for LIBs is demonstrated in historical dynamic signals from the regulation market of Pennsylvania‐New Jersey‐Maryland, where the matching degree achieved 86.7% of annual FR demand. This study guides the design criteria of low‐destructive operations of LIBs for future grid and contributes to the energy greening and electrification through a vehicle‐to‐grid solution.