Advances in Metal Phthalocyanine‐Based Electrocatalysts for Sustainable Conversion of CO ₂ , N ₂ and NO _x to Green Ammonia, Urea and Nitric Acid

Abstract Electrochemical techniques for nitrogen and carbon transformations have recently experienced a spike in attention, coinciding with the growing demand for environmentally friendly and efficient processes. This review investigates the electrochemical conversion of nitrogenous molecules to value‐added products using a metal (M) phthalocyanine (Pc)‐based electrocatalyst. The review is mostly focused on nitrogen reduction to ammonia, nitrate/nitrite reduction to ammonia, nitrogen oxidation to nitric acid, urea formation from dinitrogen (N ₂ )/nitrogenous oxide (NO _x ), and carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) reduction at the same time, and other similar reactions. This review aims for alternatives to traditional methods that consume significant amounts of energy and emit a lot of greenhouse gases by using cutting‐edge electrocatalyst engineering and a thorough understanding of how they work. A lot of various types of phthalocyanine systems have shown promise as catalysts for electrochemical applications. A better understanding of reaction mechanism and catalyst stability has been achieved through computational modeling and electrochemical characterization (including in situ study). Another focus is to highlight recent advancements, problems, and potential future directions in developing environmentally friendly, scalable, and efficient electrocatalytic systems for the transformation of nitrogen and carbon‐based reactants to generate value‐added products.