An Aqueous Redox Flow Battery with a Tungsten–Cobalt Heteropolyacid as the Electrolyte for both the Anode and Cathode

A tungsten–cobalt heteropolyacid simultaneously acts as the electrolyte in both the positive and negative compartments of an aqueous redox flow battery. The heteropolyacid provides all of the necessary redox pairs and charge carriers for the battery. A high coulombic efficiency of 99% and an energy efficiency of 86% are achieved. Additionally, at a current density of 25 mA cm–2, a specific energy of 15.4 W h L–1 is obtained. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.