From scrap and waste to sustainable uniform and graded magnesium composites: a science of valorizing waste-derived feedstocks

1. T.M. Pollock, Weight Loss with Magnesium Alloys, Science (80-.). 328 (2010) 986–987. Doi: 10.1126/science.1182848.10.1126/science.1182848 ↗

2. The potential of deformable titanium reinforced magnesium‐matrix composites: A review of preparation, characterization, and performance evaluation10.1016/j.jma.2025.06.027 ↗

3. A comprehensive review of magnesium-based alloys and composites processed by cyclic extrusion compression and the related techniques10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.101016 ↗

4. A strong, lightweight, and damping cermet material with a nacre-like ultrafine 3D interpenetrated architecture10.1016/j.mattod.2022.12.002 ↗

5. Investigation into machining performance of microstructurally engineered in-situ particle reinforced magnesium matrix composite10.1016/j.jma.2022.10.015 ↗

6. A state-of-the-art review on recent advances in the fabrication and characteristics of magnesium-based alloys in biomedical applications10.1016/j.jma.2024.06.015 ↗

7. Magnesium research and applications: Past, present and future10.1016/j.jma.2023.11.007 ↗

8. Achieving high strength and elevated Young’s modulus in Mg-Li matrix composites via interface tailoring through heat treatment10.1016/j.msea.2025.148402 ↗

9. Enhancement of unique heat treatment process on microstructure and mechanical properties of thixomolded complex lightweight AZ91D magnesium alloy laptop shell with ultra-thin wall thickness10.1016/j.jma.2025.11.016 ↗

10. Improvement heat resistance and thermal stability of Mg-7Y-3Zn-0.4Mn alloy by Al/Ca element addition

11. Effects of different extrusion temperatures on microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and dynamic recrystallization behavior of Mg-8Li-3Al-1Y-0.5Gd alloy10.1016/j.jallcom.2026.186113 ↗

12. Research on the stress corrosion cracking behavior of ZK60 magnesium alloy enhanced by multi-directional compression process10.1016/j.jma.2025.101976 ↗

13. Nd-induced phase evolution and grain boundary segregation governing strength–corrosion synergy in Mg–Dy–Zr alloys10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148937 ↗

14. Microstructure characterization and corrosion behavior of Mg–Y–Zn alloys with different long period stacking ordered structures

15. GO-activated thermal treatment response mechanism in magnesium matrix composites10.1016/j.jallcom.2026.187544 ↗

16. Statistical analysis of dry sliding wear process parameters for AZ91 alloy processed by RD-ECAP using response surface methodology10.1007/s12540-020-00624-w ↗

17. Review of progress on fabrication technology of Mg matrix composites10.1016/j.jma.2024.11.026 ↗

18. Strengthening/weakening effect of graphene orientation angle on mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium matrix composites10.1016/j.jma.2024.12.001 ↗

19. Enhancement of strength and ductility of SiCp/AZ91 composites by RD-ECAP processing10.1016/j.msea.2019.138579 ↗

20. Enhanced stiffness and ductility in ZK61 magnesium matrix composites via bimodal structure design with MWCNT and nanodiamonds hybrid reinforcement10.1016/j.jma.2026.101987 ↗

21. Effects of hot extrusion on microstructure and mechanical properties of SiC-B4C reinforced AZ80 magnesium matrix hybrid composites10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.184018 ↗

22. Enhancement of mechanical, tribological, and corrosion properties of AZ91D magnesium alloy hybrid composites reinforced with Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles for high-performance applications10.1016/j.ceramint.2026.04.238 ↗

23. Synergetic effect of in-situ TiB2 reinforcement and nano precipitation on wear behavior of ZE41 magnesium matrix composite

24. A brief review of fly ash as reinforcement for composites with improved mechanical and tribological properties10.1007/s11837-020-04170-z ↗

25. Effect of solid waste materials on properties of magnesium matrix composites - A systematic review10.1016/j.jma.2022.09.005 ↗

26. Making sustainable aluminum by recycling scrap: The science of “dirty” alloys10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.100947 ↗

27. Utilization of industrial, agricultural, and construction waste in cementitious composites: A comprehensive review of their impact on concrete properties and sustainable construction practices

28. Progress and prospects in magnesium alloy scrap recycling10.1016/j.jma.2024.11.031 ↗

29. Cleaner production techniques in magnesium alloy recycling: Optimizing processes for environmental sustainability10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.180083 ↗

30. Solid-state recycling of magnesium and its alloys via plastic deformation: An overview of processing and properties10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.032 ↗

31. Towards circular economy implementation: A comprehensive review in context of manufacturing industry10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.042 ↗

32. Research on carbon footprint of AM50A recycled magnesium alloy based on life cycle assessment10.3390/pr14010044 ↗

33. Recycling of magnesium alloy employing refining and solid oxide membrane (SOM) electrolysis10.1007/s11663-013-9797-9 ↗

34. Magnesium recycling: To the grave and beyond10.1007/s11837-013-0701-5 ↗

35. A comparative life cycle assessment of magnesium front end autoparts: A revision to 2010-01-0275

36. Harmless and resourceful utilization of solid waste: Multi physical field regulation in the microbiological treatment process of solid waste treatment10.1016/j.envres.2023.117149 ↗

37. Chlorine removal technologies for resource utilization of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash10.1016/j.envres.2025.120784 ↗

38. Increased electromagnetic interference shielding and load bearing with a three-dimensional pristine graphene@pyrocarbon skeleton in AZ91D10.1038/s41467-025-68266-3 ↗

39. Enhancement of thermal–mechanical performances via a selective CNTs configuration in laminated CNTs/AZ31B composite

40. Preparation of the high compressive performance special-shaped Csf/AZ91D composite part using the liquid-solid extrusion following vacuum pressure infiltration process10.1016/j.jma.2024.04.034 ↗

41. Multiscale analysis of microstructural evolution and damage mechanisms in carbon fiber reinforced AZ91D magnesium matrix composites under thermal cycling10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115955 ↗

42. Dynamic anisotropy transition and orthotropic failure mechanisms of Cf/Mg composites under low-velocity impact: A full-field deformation perspective10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.113278 ↗

43. Deformation-induced dynamic precipitation of 14H-LPSO structure and its effect on dynamic recrystallization in hot-extruded Mg-Y-Zn alloys10.1016/j.ijplas.2023.103573 ↗

44. Excellent strength-ductility balance of fully recrystallized fine-grained Mg-Y-Zn-Ni extrusion alloy with 14H-LPSO lamellas10.1080/21663831.2025.2471961 ↗

45. Dual influences of deformation-induced W precipitates on dynamic recrystallization and fracture mechanism of the hot-extruded Mg-Y-Zn alloys: An experimental and phase field study10.1016/j.ijplas.2023.103772 ↗

46. Serrated grain boundary modulation inhibits nano cracks propagation in pure magnesium: A phase field crystal and quasi in-situ EBSD study10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121573 ↗

47. Solid state recycling of Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Zr alloy chips by isothermal sintering and equal channel angular pressing10.1016/j.jma.2022.11.007 ↗

48. Characterization of functionally graded magnesium matrix composites synthesized from waste materials10.1007/s43452-025-01280-w ↗

49. Recycling of magnesium scrap: Elucidating the grain refining effects of scrap addition ratio, soaking time and melt ultrasonic treatment on recycled alloys10.1016/j.jallcom.2026.186048 ↗

50. Sustainable magnesium recycling: Insights into grain refinement through plastic deformation-assisted solid-state recycling (SSR)10.1016/j.jma.2024.10.016 ↗

51. Characterization and modification of waste magnesium chip utilized as an Mg-rich intermetallic composite10.1016/j.partic.2014.01.005 ↗

52. A continuous sintering extrusion recycling process for high-quality recycling bars of LA103Z Mg-Li alloy chips10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.07.036 ↗

53. Magnesium alloy-silicon carbide composite fabrication using chips waste10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.018 ↗

54. Tribological applications of recycled and waste materials: A review of recent advances and future directions10.3390/lubricants14030104 ↗

55. Cleaner production of performance-enhanced hybrid composites using agro-industrial wastes: A sustainable waste management strategy10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125116 ↗

56. Recycling Magnesium, Int. Magnes. Assoc. (n.d.). https://www.intlmag.org/general/custom.asp?page=sustain_recycle_ima&utm_source=chatgpt.com (accessed April 25, 2026).

57. Magnesium Metal

58. Fundamentals and advances in magnesium alloy corrosion10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.04.011 ↗

59. Thermodynamic and experimental evaluation of the sustainable recycling of magnesium alloy scrap by vacuum distillation based on vapor-liquid equilibrium10.1016/j.jma.2023.12.011 ↗

60. Magnesium alloy and aluminium alloy fabricated by solid recycling process10.1109/IFOST.2013.6616961 ↗

61. Understanding Magnesium Corrosion—A Framework for Improved Alloy Performance10.1002/adem.200310405 ↗

62. SNS-Insider, Magnesium Metal Market Expected to Hit USD 8.57 Billion by 2033, Fueled by Automotive Lightweighting and Aerospace Demand, (2025). https://www.valuespectrum.com/corporate_news/1382995-magnesium-metal-market-expected-to-hit-usd-8-57-billion-by-2033-fueled-by-automotive-lightweighting-and-aerospace-demand-sns-insider (accessed June 14, 2026).

63. Industrial Waste Management Market, Fortune Bus. Insights (2026). https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/industrial-waste-management-market-100116 (accessed June 10, 2026).

64. C. Xin, Lightweight demand explodes, consumption growth exceeds supply growth, global magnesium consumption will increase by 11% in 2025, China Nonferrous Met. (2026). https://www.cnmn.com.cn/ShowNews1.aspx?id=469456 (accessed June 15, 2026).

65. Magnesium alloy industry demand elasticity may enter a new cycle of accelerated release - Investment research report, China Energy Netw. (2026). https://www.cnenergynews.cn/article/4QnGWkmXhe6 (accessed May 14, 2026).

66. Environmental assessment of global magnesium production10.1080/08827508.2022.2084734 ↗

67. 2026-2032 global and China magnesium alloy recycling market status and forecast (Report No. 8721062), Taoyue Consult. (2026). https://www.tydatainfo.com/reports/8721062/magnesium-alloy-recycling (accessed May 2, 2026).

68. N. Bell, R. Waugh, D. Parker, K. Baker, Magnesium Recycling in the EU, 2017. https://www.intlmag.org/page/sustain_eu_study.

69. Cost Analysis: Is Magnesium Alloy Expensive Compared to Aluminum?, (n.d.). https://www.jhpim.com/news/cost-analysis-is-magnesium-alloy-expensive-compared-to-aluminum/ (accessed June 22, 2026).

70. Life cycle greenhouse gases, energy and cost assessment of automobiles using magnesium from Chinese Pidgeon process10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.08.013 ↗

71. Recycling of contaminated metallic chip based on eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness approaches10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.058 ↗

72. Y. Zhou, X. Zhou, Q. Teng, Q.S. Wei, Y.S. Shi, Investigation on the scan strategy and property of 316L stainless steel-Inconel 718 functionally graded materials fabricated by selective laser melting, in: 26th Solid Free. Fabr. Symp. Austin, USA, 2015: pp. 700–714.

73. Sustainable agricultural waste management in India: Innovations, challenges, and future perspectives10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108261 ↗

74. Utilization of coal wastes for the production of ceramic materials: A review, Mining

75. Lead leaching behaviors during panel-funnel glass waste separation from cathode-ray tube glass using thermosol, acid etching or mechanical cutting methods10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101557 ↗

76. Influence of spherical and crushed waste Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) glass on lead (Pb) leaching and mechanical properties of concrete10.1016/j.jobe.2018.10.024 ↗

77. Recycling of non-metallic fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE): A review10.1016/j.wasman.2014.03.004 ↗

78. E-waste CRT panel glass reinforced magnesium composite processed through powder metallurgy: fabrication and mechanical performance evaluation10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.10.178 ↗

79. Agricultural Waste Management Market by Type, Waste Type, Management Stage, Application, End-User - Global Forecast 2026-2032, 360iResearch (2026). https://www.giiresearch.com/report/ires1971535-agricultural-waste-management-market-by-type-waste.html (accessed May 17, 2026).

80. Influence of agro-based reinforcements on the properties of aluminum matrix composites: a systematic review10.1007/s10853-021-06305-2 ↗

81. Agricultural waste valorization: exploring environmentally friendly approaches to bioenergy conversion10.3390/su16093617 ↗

82. Effect of rice husk ash on early hydration behavior of magnesium phosphate cement10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120180 ↗

83. Scientific and technological challenges of recombinant egg protein production10.1186/s12896-025-01002-3 ↗

84. Channelling eggshell waste to valuable and utilizable products: A comprehensive review10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.009 ↗

85. Food Recycler Market Report 2026, Res. Mark. (2026). https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5997510/food-recycler-market-report (accessed May 18, 2026).

86. Synthesis and characterization of sintered AZ91D magnesium matrix composites reinforced with red mud particles10.13005/msri/130205 ↗

87. Effect of weight fraction and particle size of CRT glass on the tribological behaviour of Mg-CRT-BN hybrid composites10.1016/j.triboint.2017.07.025 ↗

88. Construction and demolition waste as a novel source for CO2 reduction in portland cement production for concrete10.3390/su16020585 ↗

89. N. Tavares Gomes, K. Miranda de Souza Tavares, L. da Silva Barroso, G. de Castro Xavier, A. Rangel Garcez de Azevedo, S. Neves Monteiro, R. Pinto Ribeiro, Application of construction and demolition waste in mortars and after heat treatment: A review, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 40 (2026) 3689–3720. Doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.217.10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.217 ↗

90. Enhancing mechanical and wear performances of magnesium matrix composites using low-cost squid quill ash10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111383 ↗

91. Export market for Frozen Squid in China, (2024). https://www.tridge.com/intelligences/japanese-flying-squid/export (accessed October 15, 2025).

92. China at a crossroads: an analysis of China’s Changing seafood production and consumption10.1016/j.oneear.2020.06.013 ↗

93. Mechanical properties of sustainable metal matrix composites: A review on the role of green reinforcements and processing methods10.3390/technologies10010032 ↗

94. Robust strategy for disease resistance and increasing production breeding in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.032 ↗

95. Recycling crayfish shell and waste activated sludge as biochar to in-situ enhance antibiotics removal from wastewater: Linking structure properties and reaction kinetics10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.105517 ↗

96. Top Countries in Magnesium Production Capacity, (n.d.). https://www.nationmaster.com/nmx/ranking/magnesium-production-capacity (accessed June 15, 2025).

97. Magnesium Production by Country, (2025). https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/magnesium-production-by-country (accessed June 12, 2026).

98. Fly Ash, TiO2, hBN, and B4C nanoparticle reinforcement: A novel approach to magnesium metal via powder metallurgy10.1002/adem.202402261 ↗

99. Enhancing composite materials through fly ash reinforcement through powder metallurgy10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.128124 ↗

100. Magnetic particle-reinforced magnesium matrix composites enabling mechanical-functional integration10.1016/j.jallcom.2026.186974 ↗