Advances in TMDs-Based Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers: From Structural Engineering to Multicomponent Synergy
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have garnered considerable attention as advanced electromagnetic wave absorption (EMA) materials due to their unique layered structures, tunable electronic properties, and intrinsic defect-induced polarization mechanisms. This comprehensive review systematically summarizes recent advances in TMDs-based absorbers, with particular focus on two fundamental development strategies. The first involves multiscale structural design of pure phase TMDs spanning from atomic to submillimeter dimensions, achieved through precise defect regulation, phase engineering, and sophisticated morphological manipulation to optimize electromagnetic parameters and attenuation capabilities. The second strategy focuses on constructing multicomponent composite systems, incorporating dielectric matrices, magnetic elements, and multicomponent hybrids to achieve synergistic enhancement through interfacial polarization, conductive loss, and magnetic dissipation mechanisms. The review critically analyzes pioneering research achievements across various subfields while identifying specific challenges and opportunities within each domain. Future perspectives highlight emerging frontiers including atomic level interface engineering, inverse design of multicomponent and multiscale architectures, sustainable large-scale synthesis techniques, and development of multifunctional smart-response systems. This work aims to establish fundamental principles and provide forward-looking guidance for designing next-generation high-performance TMDs-based EMA materials with tailored functionalities.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. C. Zhang, X. Fan, J.-T. Jiang, C. Dou, Y. Liang et al., Superblack carbon hierarchitectures for multispectral absorption. Adv. Mater. 37(37), 2501829 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20250182910.1002/adma.202501829 ↗
2. Z. Gao, A. Iqbal, T. Hassan, S. Hui, H. Wu et al., Tailoring built-in electric field in a self-assembled zeolitic imidazolate framework/MXene nanocomposites for microwave absorption. Adv. Mater. 36(19), 2311411 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20231141110.1002/adma.202311411 ↗
3. B. Shan, Y. Wang, X. Ji, Y. Huang, Enhancing low-frequency microwave absorption through structural polarization modulation of MXenes. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 212 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01437-x10.1007/s40820-024-01437-x ↗
4. Z. Wang, F. Zhang, N. Wang, W. Li, Y. Chen et al., Ternary layered boride MoAlB: a novel thermo-regulation microwave absorbing ceramic material. J. Adv. Ceram. 13(5), 699–710 (2024). https://doi.org/10.26599/jac.2024.922089010.26599/jac.2024.9220890 ↗
5. B. Cai, L. Zhou, P.-Y. Zhao, H.-L. Peng, Z.-L. Hou et al., Interface-induced dual-pinning mechanism enhances low-frequency electromagnetic wave loss. Nat. Commun. 15, 3299 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47537-510.1038/s41467-024-47537-5 ↗
6. S. Hui, Q. Chen, K. Tao, L. Zhang, X. Fan et al., Highly mixed index facet engineering induces defect formation and converts the wave-transmissive Mott insulator NiO into electromagnetic wave absorbent. Adv. Mater. 37(4), 2415844 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20241584410.1002/adma.202415844 ↗
7. X. Zhou, P. Min, Y. Liu, M. Jin, Z.-Z. Yu et al., Insulating electromagnetic-shielding silicone compound enables direct potting electronics. Science 385(6714), 1205–1210 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adp658110.1126/science.adp6581 ↗
8. A. Iqbal, F. Shahzad, K. Hantanasirisakul, M.-K. Kim, J. Kwon et al., Anomalous absorption of electromagnetic waves by 2D transition metal carbonitride Ti3CNTx (MXene). Science 369(6502), 446 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba797710.1126/science.aba7977 ↗
9. X. Guo, N. Li, C. Wu, X. Dai, R. Qi et al., Studying plasmon dispersion of MXene for enhanced electromagnetic absorption. Adv. Mater. 34(33), 2201120 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20220112010.1002/adma.202201120 ↗
10. W. Zhang, L. Deng, T. Yang, F. Luo, S. Wen et al., Synergistic design of multicomponent carbon fillers and structures for emi shielding rubbers. Small Sci. 5(12), e202500410 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.20250041010.1002/smsc.202500410 ↗
11. Q. Niu, Y. Huang, H. Huang, M. Zong, A flexible and repairable ultra-broadband electromagnetic wave absorber by liquid-liquid phase separation strategy. Adv. Mater. 37(43), e10139 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20251013910.1002/adma.202510139 ↗
12. C. Wen, X. Li, R. Zhang, C. Xu, W. You et al., High-density anisotropy magnetism enhanced microwave absorption performance in Ti3C2Tx MXene@Ni microspheres. ACS Nano 16(1), 1150–1159 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c0895710.1021/acsnano.1c08957 ↗
13. X. Zhang, X.-L. Tian, Y. Qin, J. Qiao, F. Pan et al., Conductive metal-organic frameworks with tunable dielectric properties for boosting electromagnetic wave absorption. ACS Nano 17(13), 12510–12518 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c0217010.1021/acsnano.3c02170 ↗
14. J. Yan, Q. Zheng, S.-P. Wang, Y.-Z. Tian, W.-Q. Gong et al., Multifunctional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite microcrystalline engineering and electromagnetic response switching multi-band devices. Adv. Mater. 35(25), 2300015 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20230001510.1002/adma.202300015 ↗
15. G. Ma, Y. Yan, Y. Feng, K. Zhang, B. Gao et al., Multifunctional carbon nanotube arrays on kapok-derived carbon microtube composites for efficient electromagnetic wave absorption and Cu(II) removal. Chem. Eng. J. 500, 157373 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.15737310.1016/j.cej.2024.157373 ↗
16. Y. Liu, X. Wei, X. He, J. Yao, R. Tan et al., Multifunctional shape memory composites for joule heating, self-healing, and highly efficient microwave absorption. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(5), 2211352 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20221135210.1002/adfm.202211352 ↗
17. J. Tao, J. Zhou, Z. Yao, J. Wang, L. Xu et al., Multi-field coupled motion induces electromagnetic wave absorbing property regeneration of elastomer in marine environment. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(12), 2310640 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20231064010.1002/adfm.202310640 ↗
18. S. Cheng, Z. Chen, D. Sheng, W. Dong, R. Cao et al., Sustainable electromagnetic interference shielding materials from cellulose-grafted n-type polymers. Nat. Commun. 16, 8608 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63665-y10.1038/s41467-025-63665-y ↗
19. G. Ma, J. Li, Y. Yan, G. Qin, B. Gao et al., Carbon-transition metal dichalcogenide composites: a comprehensive review on electromagnetic wave absorption. Carbon 244, 120690 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2025.12069010.1016/j.carbon.2025.120690 ↗
20. M.-Q. Ning, M.-M. Lu, J.-B. Li, Z. Chen, Y.-K. Dou et al., Two-dimensional nanosheets of MoS2: a promising material with high dielectric properties and microwave absorption performance. Nanoscale 7(38), 15734–15740 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR04670J10.1039/C5NR04670J ↗
21. M. Zhang, Z. Song, D. Sheng, Y. Duan, Q. Zhao et al., Metal–p(C3O2)X assembly enables construction of 2D metal/C nanocomposites for broadband electromagnetic wave absorption. J. Mater. Chem. C 14(8), 3271–3280 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1039/d5tc04002g10.1039/d5tc04002g ↗
22. F. Deng, J. Wei, Y. Xu, Z. Lin, X. Lu et al., Regulating the electrical and mechanical properties of TaS2 films via van der Waals and electrostatic interaction for high performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Nano-Micro Lett. 15(1), 106 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01061-110.1007/s40820-023-01061-1 ↗
23. L. Wang, M. Huang, L. Rao, Y. Qian, Z. Yan et al., Atomically polarization regulation in molybdenum disulfide nanosheets via phase transition engineering for superior electromagnetic wave dissipation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(45), 2507569 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20250756910.1002/adfm.202507569 ↗
24. A. Splendiani, L. Sun, Y. Zhang, T. Li, J. Kim et al., Emerging photoluminescence in monolayer MoS2. Nano Lett. 10(4), 1271–1275 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl903868w10.1021/nl903868w ↗
25. B. Zhao, Z. Zhang, J. Xu, D. Guo, T. Gu et al., Gate-driven band modulation hyperdoping for high-performance p-type 2D semiconductor transistors. Science 388(6752), 1183–1188 (2025)10.1126/science.adp8444 ↗
26. H. Wang, J. Feng, H. Xing, M. Lv, Y. Zong et al., Progress in the use of MoS2-based composites for microwave absorption. Mater. Sci. Eng. R. Rep. 161, 100838 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2024.10083810.1016/j.mser.2024.100838 ↗
27. J. Zhao, Z. Wang, H. Wang, P. Liu, R. Che, Controllable design of “nested doll” MoS2/V2O3 heterostructures promotes polarization effects for high-efficiency microwave absorption. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(14), 2418282 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20241828210.1002/adfm.202418282 ↗
28. Y. Yan, Z. Cheng, T. Chen, E. Zhou, B. Gao et al., Rational high-entropy doping strategy via modularin situ/post solvothermal doping integration for microwave absorption. J. Adv. Ceram. 14(10), 9221168 (2025). https://doi.org/10.26599/jac.2025.922116810.26599/jac.2025.9221168 ↗
29. X. Wang, Q. Zheng, L. Wang, W. Jiang, Phase engineering of MoS2 via Anderson-type polyoxometalate precursor for efficient electromagnetic wave absorption. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(33), 2501720 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20250172010.1002/adfm.202501720 ↗
30. H. Zhang, J. Cheng, H. Wang, Z. Huang, Q. Zheng et al., Initiating VB-group laminated NbS2 electromagnetic wave absorber toward superior absorption bandwidth as large as 6.48 GHz through phase engineering modulation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(6), 2108194 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20210819410.1002/adfm.202108194 ↗
31. L. Liang, W. Gu, Y. Wu, B. Zhang, G. Wang et al., Heterointerface engineering in electromagnetic absorbers: new insights and opportunities. Adv. Mater. 34(4), 2106195 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20210619510.1002/adma.202106195 ↗
32. G. Yu, G. Shao, Z. Xu, Y. Chen, X. Huang, Hierarchical interface-engineered magnetic graphene‒SiCN aerogels via a stepwise confinement strategy for low-frequency and broadband microwave absorption. J. Adv. Ceram. 14(12), 9221187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.26599/jac.2025.922118710.26599/jac.2025.9221187 ↗
33. X. Liang, X. Zhang, W. Liu, D. Tang, B. Zhang et al., A simple hydrothermal process to grow MoS2 nanosheets with excellent dielectric loss and microwave absorption performance. J. Mater. Chem. C 4(28), 6816–6821 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC02006B10.1039/C6TC02006B ↗
34. J. Wen, S. Hui, Q. Chang, G. Chen, L. Zhang et al., Enhancement of electromagnetic wave attenuation through polarization loss induced by hybridization of rare-earth 4f and Mo-4d orbitals in liquid plasma. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34(51), 2410447 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20241044710.1002/adfm.202410447 ↗
35. M. Ning, P. Jiang, W. Ding, X. Zhu, G. Tan et al., Phase manipulating toward molybdenum disulfide for optimizing electromagnetic wave absorbing in gigahertz. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(19), 2011229 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20201122910.1002/adfm.202011229 ↗
36. Y. Cheng, Y. Zhao, H. Zhao, H. Lv, X. Qi et al., Engineering morphology configurations of hierarchical flower-like MoSe2 spheres enable excellent low-frequency and selective microwave response properties. Chem. Eng. J. 372, 390–398 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.04.17410.1016/j.cej.2019.04.174 ↗
37. J. Cheng, H. Jiang, L. Cai, F. Pan, Y. Shi et al., Porous N-doped C/VB-group VS2 composites derived from perishable garbage to synergistically solve the environmental and electromagnetic pollution. Chem. Eng. J. 457, 141208 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.14120810.1016/j.cej.2022.141208 ↗
38. D. Zhang, T. Liu, J. Cheng, Q. Cao, G. Zheng et al., Lightweight and high-performance microwave absorber based on 2D WS2-RGO heterostructures. Nano-Micro Lett. 11(1), 38 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0270-410.1007/s40820-019-0270-4 ↗
39. J. Wang, L. Liu, S. Jiao, K. Ma, J. Lv et al., Hierarchical carbon Fiber@MXene@MoS2 core-sheath synergistic microstructure for tunable and efficient microwave absorption. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30(45), 2002595 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20200259510.1002/adfm.202002595 ↗
40. Z. Gao, Z. Ma, D. Lan, Z. Zhao, L. Zhang et al., Synergistic polarization loss of MoS2-based multiphase solid solution for electromagnetic wave absorption. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(18), 2112294 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20211229410.1002/adfm.202112294 ↗
41. S. Cheng, Q. Zhou, D. Sheng, W. Dong, J. Dou et al., Cu–X bonds regulated conduction and polarization loss in conductive metal-organic framework under electromagnetic field. Adv. Sci. 12(33), e08379 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.20250837910.1002/advs.202508379 ↗
42. J. Xu, L. Wang, X. Wang, H. Qiu, Research progress of high temperature absorbingmaterials. Adv. Ceram. 45, 189–205 (2024). https://doi.org/10.16253/j.cnki.37-1226/tq.2024.03.001. (in Chinese)10.16253/j.cnki.37-1226/tq.2024.03.001 ↗
43. X. Sun, Z. Wu, X. Tan, Y. Xing, P. Huang et al., High-efficiency tunable microwave absorption in N-CNF@MXene@MoS2 aerogel with island-chain structured MXene and multiple heterogeneous interfaces. Carbon 233, 119909 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2024.11990910.1016/j.carbon.2024.119909 ↗
44. B. Zou, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, X. Cao, Microwave-absorbing functionalization of LaMgAl11O19 composite thermal barrier coatings by atmospheric plasma spraying. J. Adv. Ceram. 13(10), 1523–1534 (2024). https://doi.org/10.26599/jac.2024.922095310.26599/jac.2024.9220953 ↗
45. X. Zeng, X. Jiang, Y. Ning, Y. Gao, R. Che, Constructing built-In electric fields with semiconductor junctions and Schottky junctions based on Mo–MXene/Mo–metal sulfides for electromagnetic response. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 213 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01449-710.1007/s40820-024-01449-7 ↗
46. X. Huang, W. Cong, Y. Chen, B. Quan, Conductive network reconstruction driven by carbonization: Enabling the transition of hard carbon from electromagnetic wave absorption to shielding. Carbon 251, 121326 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2026.12132610.1016/j.carbon.2026.121326 ↗
47. Z. Zhang, Z. Xiong, Y. Yao, D. Wang, Z. Yang et al., Constructing conductive network in hybrid perovskite for a highly efficient microwave absorption system. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(39), 2206053 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20220605310.1002/adfm.202206053 ↗
48. G. Chen, H. Liang, J. Yun, L. Zhang, H. Wu et al., Ultrasonic field induces better crystallinity and abundant defects at grain boundaries to develop CuS electromagnetic wave absorber. Adv. Mater. 35(49), 2305586 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20230558610.1002/adma.202305586 ↗
49. J. Liu, L. Zhang, D. Zang, H. Wu, A competitive reaction strategy toward binary metal sulfides for tailoring electromagnetic wave absorption. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31(45), 2105018 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20210501810.1002/adfm.202105018 ↗
50. Y. Zhang, S.-H. Yang, Y. Xin, B. Cai, P.-F. Hu et al., Designing symmetric gradient honeycomb structures with carbon-coated iron-based composites for high-efficiency microwave absorption. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 234 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01435-z10.1007/s40820-024-01435-z ↗
51. J. Liu, Z. Liu, J. Ren, H. bian, X. Zhou et al., Selective ions exchange reactions endow defective heterovalent copper-based selenides with enhanced dielectric polarization response. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(22), 2420239 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20242023910.1002/adfm.202420239 ↗
52. Y. Zhao, Y. Song, X. Ma, Y. Liang, H. Huang et al., Preparation and wave absorbing performance of mullite-SiBCN coatings. Adv. Ceram. 45, 259–267 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1625/j.cnki.37-1226/tq.2024.03.005. (in Chinese)10.1625/j.cnki.37-1226/tq.2024.03.005 ↗
53. H. Liu, X. Li, X. Zhao, M. Zhang, X. Liu et al., Large annular dipoles bounded between single-atom co and co cluster for clarifying electromagnetic wave absorbing mechanism. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(40), 2304442 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20230444210.1002/adfm.202304442 ↗
54. C. Grosse, A program for the fitting of Debye, Cole-Cole, Cole-Davidson, and Havriliak-Negami dispersions to dielectric data. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 419, 102–106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2013.12.03110.1016/j.jcis.2013.12.031 ↗
55. D.W. Davidson, R.H. Cole, Dielectric relaxation in glycerine. J. Chem. Phys. 18(10), 1417 (1950). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.174749610.1063/1.1747496 ↗
56. X. Yan, X. Huang, B. Zhong, T. Wu, H. Wang et al., Balancing interface polarization strategy for enhancing electromagnetic wave absorption of carbon materials. Chem. Eng. J. 391, 123538 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.12353810.1016/j.cej.2019.123538 ↗
57. B. Wen, M.-S. Cao, Z.-L. Hou, W.-L. Song, L. Zhang et al., Temperature dependent microwave attenuation behavior for carbon-nanotube/silica composites. Carbon 65, 124–139 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.07.11010.1016/j.carbon.2013.07.110 ↗
58. Z. Zhao, L. Zhang, H. Wu, Hydro/organo/ionogels: “controllable” electromagnetic wave absorbers. Adv. Mater. 34(43), 2205376 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20220537610.1002/adma.202205376 ↗
59. D. Sheng, S. Cheng, M. Zhang, J. Zhang, X. Zhu et al., Nanocurvature-activated dipolar polarization in M–N4 single-atom sites for high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption. Adv. Sci. (2026). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.7511510.1002/advs.75115 ↗
60. M. Yuan, B. Zhao, C. Yang, K. Pei, L. Wang et al., Remarkable magnetic exchange coupling via constructing bi-magnetic interface for broadband lower-frequency microwave absorption. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(33), 2203161 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20220316110.1002/adfm.202203161 ↗
61. R. Zhao, T. Gao, Y. Li, Z. Sun, Z. Zhang et al., Highly anisotropic Fe3C microflakes constructed by solid-state phase transformation for efficient microwave absorption. Nat. Commun. 15, 1497 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45815-w10.1038/s41467-024-45815-w ↗
62. Y. Peng, X. Meng, H. Wei, L. Tao, Z. Wei et al., Controllable construction of hollow Ni/NiO@PPy particles for broadband and highly efficient microwave absorption. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35(26), 2423405 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20242340510.1002/adfm.202423405 ↗
63. L. Wen, S. Cheng, H. Shang, D. Sheng, W. Li et al., Regulating interfacial strain from tensile to compressive state in transition-metal-sulfides/carbon for high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption. Adv. Funct. Mater. 36(37), e74621 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.7462110.1002/adfm.74621 ↗
64. B. Ren, Y. Jia, L. Qi, Q. Fu, Y. Lin et al., Broadband electromagnetic absorption up to 1473 K enabled by dielectric frequency-dispersion engineering in ceramic composites. Nat. Commun. 17, 318 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67003-010.1038/s41467-025-67003-0 ↗
65. Z. Huang, Z. Luo, Y. Zhao, H. Li, K. Si et al., Tapered resistive sheets and FSS absorber loading for the wideband RCS reduction of the elliptic surface at TM polarization. IEEE Trans. Anntenas. Propag. 71(7), 6191–6195 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2023.326546210.1109/TAP.2023.3265462 ↗
66. J. Qian, D. Ma, X. Zhou, H. Liao, Q. Shan et al., Synthesis of SiOC@C ceramic nanospheres with tunable electromagnetic wave absorption performance. J. Adv. Ceram. 13(9), 1394–1408 (2024). https://doi.org/10.26599/jac.2024.922094410.26599/jac.2024.9220944 ↗
67. D.K. Ghodgaonkar, V.V. Varadan, V.K. Varadan, A free-space method for measurement of dielectric constants and loss tangents at microwave frequencies. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 38(3), 789–793 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1109/19.3219410.1109/19.32194 ↗
68. R. Yang, Y. Fan, Y. Zhang, L. Mei, R. Zhu et al., 2D transition metal dichalcogenides for photocatalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62(13), e202218016 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.20221801610.1002/anie.202218016 ↗
69. A. Giri, G. Park, U. Jeong, Layer-structured anisotropic metal chalcogenides: recent advances in synthesis, modulation, and applications. Chem. Rev. 123(7), 3329–3442 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c0045510.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00455 ↗
70. W. Zhai, Z. Li, Y. Wang, L. Zhai, Y. Yao et al., Phase engineering of nanomaterials: transition metal dichalcogenides. Chem. Rev. 124(7), 4479–4539 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c0093110.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00931 ↗
71. J. Cheng, Y. Jin, J. Zhao, Q. Jing, B. Gu et al., From VIB- to VB-group transition metal disulfides: structure engineering modulation for superior electromagnetic wave absorption. Nano-Micro Lett. 16(1), 29 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01247-710.1007/s40820-023-01247-7 ↗
72. G. Eda, T. Fujita, H. Yamaguchi, D. Voiry, M. Chen et al., Coherent atomic and electronic heterostructures of single-layer MoS2. ACS Nano 6(8), 7311–7317 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn302422x10.1021/nn302422x ↗
73. H.L. Zhuang, R.G. Hennig, Computational search for single-layer transition-metal dichalcogenide photocatalysts. J. Phys. Chem. C 117(40), 20440–20445 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp405808a10.1021/jp405808a ↗
74. M.S. Ukhtary, E.H. Hasdeo, A.R.T. Nugraha, R. Saito, Fermi energy-dependence of electromagnetic wave absorption in graphene. Appl. Phys. Express 8(5), 055102 (2015). https://doi.org/10.7567/apex.8.05510210.7567/apex.8.055102 ↗
75. X. Gan, D. Lei, R. Ye, H. Zhao, K.-Y. Wong, Transition metal dichalcogenide-based mixed-dimensional heterostructures for visible-light-driven photocatalysis: Dimensionality and interface engineering. Nano Res. 14(6), 2003–2022 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-2955-x10.1007/s12274-020-2955-x ↗
76. J. Zheng, X. Yan, Z. Lu, H. Qiu, G. Xu et al., High-mobility multilayered MoS2 flakes with low contact resistance grown by chemical vapor deposition. Adv. Mater. 29(13), 1604540 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20160454010.1002/adma.201604540 ↗
77. K. Yu, Y. Pan, Z. Zhang, H. Xiang, H. Zeng et al., Recent progress in low-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides materials for electromagnetic wave absorption. Chem. Eng. J. 512, 162622 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.16262210.1016/j.cej.2025.162622 ↗
78. W.-Q. Cao, Q. Zheng, L. Li, C.-B. Cao, M.-S. Cao, Dielectric genetic tailoring strategy dominating MoSe2@rGO assembled architecture with electromagnetic functions. J. Adv. Ceram. 13(9), 1461–1472 (2024). https://doi.org/10.26599/jac.2024.922095010.26599/jac.2024.9220950 ↗
79. M. Ling, J. Wu, P. Liu, F. Wu, L. Zhang et al., Three-dimensional n-MoSe2/GOx (n= 1T, 1T’ and 2H) microsphere: Phase-modulation strategy and microwave absorbing mechanism. Carbon 230, 119614 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2024.11961410.1016/j.carbon.2024.119614 ↗
80. Y. Liu, X. Zhou, Z. Jia, H. Wu, G. Wu, Oxygen vacancy-induced dielectric polarization prevails in the electromagnetic wave-absorbing mechanism for Mn-based MOFs-derived composites. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(34), 2204499 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20220449910.1002/adfm.202204499 ↗
81. J. Liu, L. Zhang, H. Wu, Anion-doping-induced vacancy engineering of cobalt sulfoselenide for boosting electromagnetic wave absorption. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32(26), 2200544 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20220054410.1002/adfm.202200544 ↗
82. S. Cheng, A. Xie, X. Pan, K. Zhang, C. Zhang et al., Modulating surficial oxygen vacancy of the VO2 nanostructure to boost its electromagnetic absorption performance. J. Mater. Chem. C 9(29), 9158–9168 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1tc02136b10.1039/d1tc02136b ↗
83. Z. Tang, L. Xu, C. Xie, L. Guo, L. Zhang et al., Synthesis of CuCo2S4@Expanded Graphite with crystal/amorphous heterointerface and defects for electromagnetic wave absorption. Nat. Commun. 14, 5951 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41697-610.1038/s41467-023-41697-6 ↗
84. X. Wang, J. Wu, Y. Zhang, Y. Sun, K. Ma et al., Vacancy defects in 2D transition metal dichalcogenide electrocatalysts: from aggregated to atomic configuration. Adv. Mater. 35(50), 2206576 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20220657610.1002/adma.202206576 ↗
85. B. Quan, W. Shi, S.J.H. Ong, X. Lu, P.L. Wang et al., Defect engineering in two common types of dielectric materials for electromagnetic absorption applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29(28), 1901236 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20190123610.1002/adfm.201901236 ↗
86. J. Tao, L. Xu, C. Pei, Y. Gu, Y. He et al., Catfish effect induced by anion sequential doping for microwave absorption. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33(8), 2211996 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20221199610.1002/adfm.202211996 ↗
87. W. Zhou, X. Zou, S. Najmaei, Z. Liu, Y. Shi et al., Intrinsic structural defects in monolayer molybdenum disulfide. Nano Lett. 13(6), 2615–2622 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl400747910.1021/nl4007479 ↗
88. J. Hong, Z. Hu, M. Probert, K. Li, D. Lv et al., Exploring atomic defects in molybdenum disulphide monolayers. Nat. Commun. 6, 6293 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms729310.1038/ncomms7293 ↗
89. Z. Bai, X. Yang, M. Wang, B. Zhao, Y. Ren et al., Sulfur-vacancy engineering of natural molybdenite for enhanced EMW absorption. Chem. Eng. J. 466, 143337 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.14333710.1016/j.cej.2023.143337 ↗
90. L. Xing, X. Li, Z. Wu, X. Yu, J. Liu et al., 3D hierarchical local heterojunction of MoS2/FeS2 for enhanced microwave absorption. Chem. Eng. J. 379, 122241 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.12224110.1016/j.cej.2019.122241 ↗
91. Y. Yan, G. Qin, K. Zhang, B. Gao, G. Ma et al., Enhancing microwave absorption performance of MoS2 by synergistic effect of Fe doping. J. Adv. Ceram. 14(3), 9221039 (2025). https://doi.org/10.26599/jac.2025.922103910.26599/jac.2025.9221039 ↗
92. X. Zhang, Q. Liao, Z. Kang, B. Liu, X. Liu et al., Hidden vacancy benefit in monolayer 2D semiconductors. Adv. Mater. 33(7), 2007051 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20200705110.1002/adma.202007051 ↗
93. A.-Y. Lu, X. Yang, C.-C. Tseng, S. Min, S.-H. Lin et al., High-sulfur-vacancy amorphous molybdenum sulfide as a high current electrocatalyst in hydrogen evolution. Small 12(40), 5530–5537 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20160210710.1002/smll.201602107 ↗
94. C. Tsai, H. Li, S. Park, J. Park, H.S. Han et al., Electrochemical generation of sulfur vacancies in the basal plane of MoS2 for hydrogen evolution. Nat. Commun. 8, 15113 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1511310.1038/ncomms15113 ↗
95. L. Gao, Q. Liao, X. Zhang, X. Liu, L. Gu et al., Defect-engineered atomically thin MoS2 homogeneous electronics for logic inverters. Adv. Mater. 32(2), 1906646 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20190664610.1002/adma.201906646 ↗
96. J. Zhang, X. Tian, M. Liu, H. Guo, J. Zhou et al., Cobalt-modulated molybdenum–dinitrogen interaction in MoS2 for catalyzing ammonia synthesis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141(49), 19269–19275 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b0250110.1021/jacs.9b02501 ↗
97. C. Hu, Z. Jiang, W. Zhou, M. Guo, T. Yu et al., Wafer-scale sulfur vacancy-rich monolayer MoS2 for massive hydrogen production. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 10(16), 4763–4768 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b0139910.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01399 ↗
98. Z. Luo, Y. Ouyang, H. Zhang, M. Xiao, J. Ge et al., Chemically activating MoS2 via spontaneous atomic palladium interfacial doping towards efficient hydrogen evolution. Nat. Commun. 9, 2120 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04501-410.1038/s41467-018-04501-4 ↗
99. C.N.M. Ouma, S. Singh, K.O. Obodo, G.O. Amolo, A.H. Romero, Controlling the magnetic and optical responses of a MoS2 monolayer by lanthanide substitutional doping: a first-principles study. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19(37), 25555–25563 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP03160B10.1039/C7CP03160B ↗
100. Q. Zhao, Q. Lu, Y. Liu, M. Zhang, Two-dimensional Dy doped MoS2 ferromagnetic sheets. Appl. Surf. Sci. 471, 118–123 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.12.01010.1016/j.apsusc.2018.12.010 ↗