Exploring the unique structural, optical, and electrical properties of Li–Mn–Fe-based composite ceramic: a pioneering step toward electronic devices

1. J. Smith, P. Brown, Lithium-based ceramics for energy applications: a review. J. Mater. Sci. 57(12), 1023–1038 (2022)

2. X. Zhang, K. Lee, Structural and dielectric properties of lithium transition metal oxides. Adv. Mater. 33(4), 5678–5690 (2021)

3. R. Kumar, V. Sharma, Transition metal oxides: role in electrical and optical applications. Appl. Phys. Lett. 117(22), 1345–1352 (2020)

4. Y. Wang, T. Li, Influence of manganese and iron doping on lithium-based ceramics. Ceram. Int. 45(8), 6784–6792 (2019)

5. A. Patel, S. Desai, Phase stability and charge transport in Li₂FeMn₃O₈ compounds. J. Electrochem. Sci. 165(9), 223–231 (2018)

6. P. Chatterjee, R. Bose, Dielectric response of lithium-based oxides with mixed phases. Solid State Ionics 312, 56–63 (2017)

7. C. Lee, H. Park, Comparative study of LiFeO₄ and LiMnO₄ for optoelectronic applications. Mater. Chem. Phys. 189, 432–439 (2016)

8. N. Singh, P. Gupta, Structural and electronic properties of LiMnO₄. J. Appl. Phys. 118(7), 1234–1243 (2015)

9. M. Tanaka, S. Yamada, Metal-oxygen hybridization effects in lithium transition metal oxides. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16(14), 6789–6798 (2014)

10. B.-J. Hwang, C.-Y. Wang, M.-Y. Cheng, R. Santhanam, Structure, morphology, and electrochemical investigation of LiMn₂O₄ thin film cathodes deposited by radio frequency sputtering for lithium microbatteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 113(26), 11373–11380 (2009)10.1021/jp810881d ↗

11. H. Leiste, K. Seemann, H.J. Seifert, Influence of substrate surface roughness on microstructural and electrical properties of lithium-rich Li-Ni-Mn-Co-O thin film cathodes. Vacuum 131, 267–272 (2016)

12. Y. Wang, Z. Niu, H. Han, J. Wang, D. Lan, Observation of structural, mechanical, thermal and microwave dielectric properties of carbon black reinforced PA6/HDPE nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 34(28), 1948 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-11360-310.1007/s10854-023-11360-3 ↗

13. A.K. Jonscher, Dielectric Relaxation in Solids (Chelsea Dielectrics Press, London, 1999)10.1088/0022-3727/32/14/201 ↗

14. W. Yu, W. Zheng, S. Hua, Q. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Zhao J, Guo S, A prestretch-free dielectric elastomer with record-high energy and power density via synergistic polarization enhancement and strain stiffening. Adv. Funct. Mater.Funct. Mater. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20242509910.1002/adfm.202425099 ↗

15. C.G. Koop, Electronic properties of dielectrics. Phys. Rev. 83(1), 121–124 (1951)10.1103/PhysRev.83.121 ↗

16. K.W. Wagner, Ann. Phys. 40(4), 817–855 (1913)10.1002/andp.19133450502 ↗

17. S. Zhang et al., Dielectric properties of BiFeO₃₃ ceramics. J. Appl. Phys. 123(3), 034101 (2018)10.1063/1.4926483 ↗

18. X. Chen et al., Dielectric behavior of LiMn₂₂O₄₄ cathode materials. Mater. Chem. Phys. 245, 122734 (2020)

19. J.R. Macdonald, Impedance Spectroscopy: Emphasizing Solid Materials and Systems (Wiley, Hoboken, 1987)

20. E. Barsoukov, J.R. Macdonald, Impedance Spectroscopy: Theory, Experiment, and Applications (Wiley, Hoboken, 2005)10.1002/0471716243 ↗

21. Y. Kumar et al., Impedance and AC conductivity studies of lithium-based ceramic oxides. J. Mater. Sci. (2019)

22. S.A. Patil et al., Impedance spectroscopy and electrical modulus analysis of LiNiFeO₄. J. Mater. Sci. 52(3), 1234–1245 (2017)

23. R. Kumar et al., Dielectric relaxation and conductivity studies of LiCoFeO₄. Solid State Ionics 334, 45–52 (2019)

24. D.M. Smyth, The Defect Chemistry of Metal Oxides (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000)

25. B. Samantaray, B. Kumar, V.S. Panwar, Complex impedance and modulus spectroscopy of lithium-based ceramic electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 160(1–2), 55–63 (2003)

26. G. Socrates, Infrared and Raman Characteristic Group Frequencies: Tables and Charts, 3rd edn. (Wiley, Hoboken, 2001)

27. B. Smith, Infrared Spectral Interpretations: A Systematic Approach (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1998)

28. N. Nakamoto, Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds (Wiley, Hoboken, 2009)

29. K. Nakamura et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 7126–7130 (1998)10.1021/jp9816216 ↗

30. R.M. Silverstein et al., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 7th edn. (Wiley, Hoboken, 2005)

31. J.F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, 8th edn. (Pearson, London, 2015)

32. J. Maxwell, On the electrical properties of heterogeneous media. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. (1873)

33. C. Wagner, Polarization mechanisms in dielectrics. J. Appl. Phys. (1951)

34. N.F. Mott, Conduction in Non-Crystalline Materials (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1979)

35. S.R. Elliott, Ac conduction in amorphous chalcogenide and pnictide semiconductors. Adv. Phys. 36(2), 135–218 (1987)10.1080/00018738700101971 ↗

36. K. Funke, Jump relaxation in solid electrolytes. Prog. Solid State Chem. 22, 111–195 (1993)10.1016/0079-6786(93)90002-9 ↗

37. A.K. Jonscher, The “universal” dielectric response. Nature 267, 673–679 (1977)10.1038/267673a0 ↗

38. Y. Wang et al., Electrical properties of LiFePO₄ cathode materials. J. Mater. Sci. 48(14), 5008–5014 (2013)10.1007/s10853-013-7295-8 ↗

39. S. Yang et al., Mn-doped LiFePO₄ for lithium-ion battery applications. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 27, 12568–12575 (2016)

40. X. Zhang et al., Enhancing LiFePO₄ conductivity via carbon coating. J. Energy Storage 52, 104247 (2024)

41. M.A. Butler, Photoelectrolysis and physical properties of the semiconducting electrode WO₃. J. Appl. Phys. 48(5), 1914–1920 (1977)10.1063/1.323948 ↗

42. B.G. Levine, Bandgap engineering in transition metal oxides. Phys. Rev. B 26, 6312–6318 (1982)

43. F. Urbach, The long-wavelength edge of photographic sensitivity and electronic absorption of solids. Phys. Rev. 92, 1324–1325 (1953)10.1103/PhysRev.92.1324 ↗

44. Y. Xiao, D. Cheng, G. Li, R. Yin, Li P, Gao Z, Preparation of MgO ceramics by low temperature sintering with MgF2 and Al2O3 as sintering additives. J. Electroceram.Electroceram. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-025-00391-310.1007/s10832-025-00391-3 ↗

45. E.A. Davis, N.F. Mott, Conduction in non-crystalline systems V: conductivity, optical absorption and photoconductivity in amorphous semiconductors. Philos. Mag. 22(179), 903–922 (1970)10.1080/14786437008221061 ↗

46. G.D. Cody, Urbach edge of crystalline and amorphous silicon: a personal review. J. Non-Cryst. SolidsCryst. Solids 141, 3–15 (1990)10.1016/S0022-3093(05)80513-7 ↗

47. S.H. Wemple, M. DiDomenico, Behavior of the electronic dielectric constant in covalent and ionic materials. Phys. Rev. B 3(4), 1338–1351 (1971)10.1103/PhysRevB.3.1338 ↗

48. P. Herve, L.K.J. Vandamme, Empirical temperature dependence of the refractive index of semiconductors. J. Appl. Phys. 77(10), 5476–5478 (1994)10.1063/1.359248 ↗

49. W. Sellmeier, Zur Erklärung der abnormen Farbenfolge im spectrum einiger Substanzen. Annalen der Physik und Chemie 219(6), 271–282 (1871)10.1002/andp.18712190612 ↗

50. R.D. Shannon, Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A Crystallogr. Sect. A 32(5), 751–767 (1976)10.1107/S0567739476001551 ↗

51. P.W. Anderson, Localized magnetic states in metals. Phys. Rev. 124(1), 41–53 (1979)10.1103/PhysRev.124.41 ↗

52. N.F. Mott, E.A. Davis, Electronic Processes in Non-Crystalline Materials (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012)

53. D.A. Neamen, Semiconductor Physics and Devices, 4th edn. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2012)

54. N.W. Ashcroft, N.D. Mermin, Solid State Physics (Harcourt College Publishers, San Diego, 1976)

55. H.H. Poole, The electrical breakdown of solid insulators in divergent fields. Philos. Mag. 32(191), 112–113 (1916)10.1080/14786441608635546 ↗

56. P. Debye, Interferenz von Röntgenstrahlen und Wärmebewegung. Ann. Phys. (Berl.). 344(14), 789–839 (1912)10.1002/andp.19123441404 ↗

57. J. Frenkel, On pre-breakdown phenomena in insulators and electronic semiconductors. Phys. Rev. 54(8), 647–648 (1938)10.1103/PhysRev.54.647 ↗

58. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th edn. (Wiley, Hoboken, 2004)

59. S.M. Sze, K.K. Ng, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 3rd edn. (Wiley, Hoboken, 2006)10.1002/0470068329 ↗

60. J. Singh, Semiconductor Optoelectronics: Physics and Technology (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2007)

61. P.Y. Yu, M. Cardona, Fundamentals of Semiconductors: Physics and Materials Properties, 4th edn. (Springer, New York, 2010)10.1007/978-3-642-00710-1 ↗

62. S.R. Elliot, Physics of Amorphous Materials, 2nd edn. (Longman Scientific & Technical, London, 1990)

63. J.M. Ziman, Principles of the Theory of Solids, 2nd edn. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979)

64. A.K. Chakraborty, Solid State Physics (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011)

65. M. Marder, Condensed Matter Physics, 2nd edn. (Wiley, Hoboken, 2010)10.1002/9780470949955 ↗

66. L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifshitz, Statistical Physics, Part 1, 3rd edn. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980)

67. J.S. Blakemore, Solid State Physics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985)10.1017/CBO9781139167871 ↗

68. T.D. Lee, C.N. Yang, Statistical theory of equations of state and phase transitions. Phys. Rev. 87(3), 404–410 (1952)10.1103/PhysRev.87.410 ↗