MIL-100 (Fe)/CNTs composites for enhanced photocatalytic oxidative degradation of lomefloxacin

1. Baaloudj O, Assadi I, Nasrallah N, El Jery A, Khezami L, Assadi AA (2021) Simultaneous removal of antibiotics and inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by photocatalysis: a review. J Water Process Eng, 42, 102089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.10208910.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102089 ↗

2. Chen GY, Yu Y, Liang L, Duan XG, Li R, Lu XK, Yan BB, Li N, Wang SB (2021) Remediation of antibiotic wastewater by coupled photocatalytic and persulfate oxidation system: a critical review. J Hazard Mater, 408, 124461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.12446110.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124461 ↗

3. Yang CD, Wu TY (2023) A comprehensive review on quinolone contamination in environments: current research progress. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 30, 48778-48792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26263-310.1007/s11356-023-26263-3 ↗

4. Guo T, Lou CL, Zhai WW, Tang XJ, Hashmi MZ, Murtaza R, Li Y, Liu XM, Xu JM (2018) Increased occurrence of heavy metals, antibiotics and resistance genes in surface soil after long-term application of manure. Sci Total Environ 635:995–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.19410.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.194 ↗

5. Luo TL, Chen JW, Li XH, Zhang SY, Yao HY, Peijnenburg W (2018) Effects of lomefloxacin on survival, growth and reproduction of Daphnia magna under simulated sunlight radiation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 166:63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.06710.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.067 ↗

6. Rayaroth MP, Aravindakumar CT, Shah NS, Boczkaj G (2022) Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based wastewater treatment-unexpected nitration side reactions-a serious environmental issue: a review. Chem Eng J 430:133002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.13300210.1016/j.cej.2021.133002 ↗

7. Saravanan A, Deivayanai VC, Kumar PS, Rangasamy G, Hemavathy RV, Harshana T, Gayathri N, Alagumalai K (2022) A detailed review on advanced oxidation process in treatment of wastewater: mechanism, challenges and future outlook. Chemosphere 308:136524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.13652410.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136524 ↗

8. Wang JL, Zhuan R (2020) Degradation of antibiotics by advanced oxidation processes: an overview. Sci Total Environ 701:135023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.13502310.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135023 ↗

9. Xie MJ, Yang WF, Zhou XN, Wang BY, Liu JQ, Xu X, Shen LG, Zhang HM, Zhang MJ, Yu W, Teng JH, Lin HJ, Zhao LH, Li BS (2026) Multiscale thermodynamic insights into membrane fouling control by biochar-activated peroxymonosulfate pretreatment: synergy of oxidation and adsorption. Water Res 288:124564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.12456410.1016/j.watres.2025.124564 ↗

10. Wu XL, Liu S, Li Y, Yan MJ, Lin HJ, Chen JR, Liu SJ, Wang SB, Duan XG (2023) Directional and ultrafast charge transfer in oxygen-vacancy-rich ZnO@single-atom cobalt core-shell junction for photo-fenton-like reaction. Angew Chem-Int Ed 62:e202305639. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.20230563910.1002/anie.202305639 ↗

11. Wang Z, Zeng YS, Tan QY, Shen Y, Shen LG, Sun JH, Zhao LH, Lin HJ (2024) Novel combination of iron-carbon composite and fenton oxidation processes for high-concentration antibiotic wastewater treatment. J Environ Manage 354:120383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.12038310.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120383 ↗

12. Chen F, Wu XL, Shi CY, Lin HJ, Chen JR, Shi YP, Wang SB, Duan XG (2021) Molecular engineering toward pyrrolic N-rich M-N4 (M = Cr, Mn, Fe Co, Cu) single-atom sites for enhanced heterogeneous fenton-like reaction. Adv Funct Mater 31:2007877. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20200787710.1002/adfm.202007877 ↗

13. Fujishima A, Honda K (1972) Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 238:37–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/238037a010.1038/238037a0 ↗

14. Brame J, Long MC, Li QL, Alvarez P (2015) Inhibitory effect of natural organic matter or other background constituents on photocatalytic advanced oxidation processes: mechanistic model development and validation. Water Res, 84, 362-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.07.04410.1016/j.watres.2015.07.044 ↗

15. Li SJ, Dong KX, Cai MJ, Li XY, Chen XB (2024) A plasmonic s-scheme Au/MIL-101(Fe)/BiOBr photocatalyst for efficient synchronous decontamination of Cr(VI) and norfloxacin antibiotic. Escience 4:100208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esci.2023.10020810.1016/j.esci.2023.100208 ↗

16. Xue JJ, Ma SS, Zhou YM, Zhang ZW, He M (2015) Facile photochemical synthesis of Au/Pt/g-C3N4 with plasmon-enhanced photocatalytic activity for antibiotic degradation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:9630–9637. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b0121210.1021/acsami.5b01212 ↗

17. Kujur SM, Vijaya JJ, Kennedy LJ (2025) Carbon black endorsed CuGd 2−xPrxO4 nanocomposites for efficient photocatalytic disintegration of lomefloxacin hydrochloride by persulphate activation. J Water Process Eng 72:107454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.10745410.1016/j.jwpe.2025.107454 ↗

18. Gao M, Liu G, Gao Y, Chen G, Huang X, Xu X, Wang J, Yang X, Xu D (2021) Recent advances in metal-organic frameworks/membranes for adsorption and removal of metal ions. Trac-Trends Anal Chem 137:116226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2021.11622610.1016/j.trac.2021.116226 ↗

19. Koeberl M, Cokoja M, Herrmann WA, Kuehn FE (2011) From molecules to materials: molecular paddle-wheel synthons of macromolecules, cage compounds and metal-organic frameworks. Dalton Trans 40:6834–6859. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0dt01722a10.1039/c0dt01722a ↗

20. Chen Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Kang R, Mosleh A (2018) Reliability analysis of a cold-standby system considering the development stages and accumulations of failure mechanisms. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 180:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2018.06.02210.1016/j.ress.2018.06.022 ↗

21. Li J, Khodaei ZS, Aliabadi MH (2019) Dynamic fracture analysis of Kane-Mindlin plates using the dual boundary element method. Eng Anal Bound Elem 106:217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2019.05.00510.1016/j.enganabound.2019.05.005 ↗

22. Zhang W, Zheng B, Shi W, Chen X, Xu Z, Li S, Chi YR, Yang Y, Lu J, Huang W, Huo F (2018) Site-selective catalysis of a multifunctional linear molecule: the steric hindrance of metal-organic framework channels. Adv Mater 30:1800643. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20180064310.1002/adma.201800643 ↗

23. Sculley J, Yuan D, Zhou HC (2011) The current status of hydrogen storage in metal-organic frameworks-updated. Energy Environ Sci 4:2721–2735. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee01240a10.1039/c1ee01240a ↗

24. Allendorf MD, Bauer CA, Bhakta RK, Houk RJT (2009) Luminescent metal-organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 38:1330–1352. https://doi.org/10.1039/b802352m10.1039/b802352m ↗

25. Okawa H, Sadakiyo M, Yamada T, Maesato M, Ohba M, Kitagawa H (2013) Proton-conductive magnetic metal-organic frameworks, {NR3(CH2COOH)}[MaIIMbIII(ox)3]: effect of carboxyl residue upon proton conduction. J Am Chem Soc 135:2256–2262. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja309968u10.1021/ja309968u ↗

26. Navarro JAR, Barea E, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Salas JM, Ania CO, Parra JB, Masciocchi N, Galli S, Sironi A (2008) Guest-induced modification of a magnetically active ultramicroporous, gismondine-like, copper(II) coordination network. J Am Chem Soc 130:3978–3984. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja078074z10.1021/ja078074z ↗

27. Yang M, Zhou YN, Cao YN, Tong Z, Dong B, Chai YM (2020) Advances and challenges of Fe-MOFs based materials as electrocatalysts for water splitting. Appl Mater Today 20:100692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2020.10069210.1016/j.apmt.2020.100692 ↗

28. Abbas S, Ahmad K, Naseem K, Kashif M, Majeed H, Qureshi K, Shah HUR, Ahmad I, Khalid A, Awais S, Ashfaq M (2025) Cutting-edge metal-organic frameworks: revolutionizing the adsorptive removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from water. Rev Inorg Chem 45:885–905. https://doi.org/10.1515/revic-2024-011910.1515/revic-2024-0119 ↗

29. Jing F, Liang R, Xiong J, Chen R, Zhang S, Li Y, Wu L (2017) MIL-68(Fe) as an efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst for the treatment of a simulated waste-water contain Cr(VI) and malachite green. Appl Catal B Environ 206:9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.12.07010.1016/j.apcatb.2016.12.070 ↗

30. Zhang MW, Lin KY, Huang CF, Tong S (2019) Enhanced degradation of toxic azo dye, amaranth, in water using oxone catalyzed by MIL-101-NH2 under visible light irradiation. Sep Purif Technol 227:115632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.05.07410.1016/j.seppur.2019.05.074 ↗

31. Gao C, Chen S, Quan X, Yu H, Zhang Y (2017) Enhanced fenton-like catalysis by iron-based metal organic frameworks for degradation of organic pollutants. J Catal 356:125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2017.09.01510.1016/j.jcat.2017.09.015 ↗

32. Li SM, Shan SS, Chen S, Li HB, Li ZY, Liang YX, Fei JY, Xie LH, Li JR (2021) Photocatalytic degradation of hazardous organic pollutants in water by Fe-MOFs and their composites: a review. J Environ Chem Eng 9:105967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.10596710.1016/j.jece.2021.105967 ↗

33. He WJ, Li ZP, Lv SC, Niu MX, Zhou WF, Li J, Lu RH, Gao HX, Pan CP, Zhang SB (2021) Facile synthesis of Fe3O4@MIL-100 (Fe) towards enhancing photo-fenton like degradation of levofloxacin via a synergistic effect between Fe3O4 and MIL-100 (Fe). Chem Eng J 409:128274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.12827410.1016/j.cej.2020.128274 ↗

34. Xu YY, Wang Y, Wan JQ, Ma YW (2020) Reduced graphene oxide-supported metal organic framework as a synergistic catalyst for enhanced performance on persulfate induced degradation of trichlorophenol. Chemosphere 240:124849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.12484910.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124849 ↗

35. Lin JL, Hu H, Gao NY, Ye JS, Chen YJ, Ou HS (2020) Fabrication of GO@MIL-101(Fe) for enhanced visible-light photocatalysis degradation of organophosphorus contaminant. J Water Process Eng 33:101010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.10101010.1016/j.jwpe.2019.101010 ↗

36. Hamadanian M, Rostami M, Jabbari V (2017) Graphene-supported C-N-S tridoped TiO2 photo-catalyst with improved band gap and charge transfer properties. J Mater Sci-Mater Electron, 28, 15637-15646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-7452-y10.1007/s10854-017-7452-y ↗

37. Bakshi SR, Lahiri D, Agarwal A (2010) Carbon nanotube reinforced metal matrix composites-a review. Int Mater Rev, 55, 41–64. https://doi.org/10.1179/095066009x1257253017054310.1179/095066009x12572530170543 ↗

38. Chen JK, Wang LM, Gui XC, Ren DD, Chu YH, Wu Y, Meng KK, Miao J, Xu XG, Jiang Y (2018) Intrinsic transportation properties along and across the CNTs in self-supported 3D-CNT frameworks. Mater Chem Phys 216:345–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.06.02110.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.06.021 ↗

39. Xavier JR (2023) A study on the improvement of dielectric, anticorrosive and mechanical properties of newly synthesized epoxy coatings containing silanized CNTs-TiS2 nanocomposites for aerospace and automotive applications. Silicon 15:5065–5088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-023-02374-x10.1007/s12633-023-02374-x ↗

40. Maheswaran R, Shanmugavel BP (2022) A Critical review of the role of carbon nanotubes in the progress of next-generation electronic applications. J Electron Mater 51:2786–2800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-022-09516-810.1007/s11664-022-09516-8 ↗

41. Zhang Q, Huang JQ, Qian WZ, Zhang YY, Wei F (2013) The road for nanomaterials industry: a review of carbon nanotube production, post-treatment, and bulk applications for composites and energy storage. Small 9:1237–1265. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20120325210.1002/smll.201203252 ↗

42. Ramachandran K, Boopalan V, Bear JC, Subramani R (2022) Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-reinforced ceramic nanocomposites for aerospace applications: a review. J Mater Sci 57:3923–3953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06760-x10.1007/s10853-021-06760-x ↗

43. Masotti A, Caporali A (2013) Preparation of magnetic carbon nanotubes (Mag-CNTs) for biomedical and biotechnological applications. Int J Mol Sci 14:24619–24642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14122461910.3390/ijms141224619 ↗

44. Rafea MA, Ali K, Attia MI, Rashed MM, El-Aassar MR, Shakir I, Alanazi AK, Mubeen S, Aadil M (2026) Performance-optimized N-doped CrCo2O4 nanoferrite integrated with CNTs: a high-performance photocatalyst for next-generation wastewater remediation. RSC Adv 16:15709–15722. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra08692b10.1039/d5ra08692b ↗

45. Zhang YD, Xie Q, Shao R, Ding JF, Liu JL, Xu W, Wang Y (2024) Green synthesis of MOF/CNT gels via in-situ physical mixing strategy toward quasi-solid-state Li-ion hybrid capacitor. J Energy Storage 86:111156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.11115610.1016/j.est.2024.111156 ↗

46. Qasem KMA, Khan S, Chinnam S, Saleh HAM, Mantasha I, Zeeshan M, Manea YK, Shahid M (2022) Sustainable fabrication of Co-MOF@CNT nano-composite for efficient adsorption and removal of organic dyes and selective sensing of Cr(VI) in aqueous phase. Mater Chem Phys 291:126748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.12674810.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126748 ↗

47. Qin PG, Chen DK, Li MY, Li D, Gao YM, Zhu SP, Mu MY, Lu MH (2022) Melamine/MIL-101(Fe)-derived magnetic carbon nanotube-decorated nitrogen-doped carbon materials as sorbent for rapid removal of organic dyes from environmental water sample. J Mol Liq 359:119231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.11923110.1016/j.molliq.2022.119231 ↗

48. Sun JH, Yan MJ, Tao GD, Su RB, Xiao XM, Wu QS, Chen F, Wu XL, Lin HJ (2025) A single-atom manganese nanozyme mediated membrane reactor for water decontamination. Water Res 268:122627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.12262710.1016/j.watres.2024.122627 ↗

49. Yao XY, Li RJ, Shen LG, Zhao LH, Lin HJ (2025) A novel magnetically induced Co@NC-modified electrochemical membrane for continuous peroxymonosulfate activation: achieving ultrafast and cost-effective purification with elucidation of mechanism and application potential. Water Res 287:124436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.12443610.1016/j.watres.2025.124436 ↗

50. Wang J, Wang H, Shen LG, Li RJ, Lin HJ (2023) A sustainable solution for organic pollutant degradation: novel polyethersulfone/carbon cloth/FeOCl composite membranes with electric field-assisted persulfate activation. Water Res 244:120530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.12053010.1016/j.watres.2023.120530 ↗

51. Wu MF, Zhang MJ, Shen LG, Wang XH, Ying D, Lin HJ, Li RJ, Xu YC, Hong HC (2023) High propensity of membrane fouling and the underlying mechanisms in a membrane bioreactor during occurrence of sludge bulking. Water Res 229:119456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.11945610.1016/j.watres.2022.119456 ↗

52. Lee H, Lee H, Ahn S, Kim J (2022) MIL-100 (Fe)-hybridized nanofibers for adsorption and visible light photocatalytic degradation of water pollutants: experimental and DFT approach. ACS Omega 7:21145–21155. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c0195310.1021/acsomega.2c01953 ↗

53. Dung NT, Hue TT, Thao VD, Huy NN (2021) Preparation of Mn2O3/MIL-100 (Fe) composite and its mechanism for enhancing the photocatalytic removal of rhodamine B in water. RSC Adv 11:28496–28507. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra03496k10.1039/d1ra03496k ↗

54. Wang HM, Zhao R, Qin JQ, Hu HX, Fan XW, Cao X, Wang D (2019) MIL-100 (Fe)/Ti3C2 MXene as a schottky catalyst with enhanced photocatalytic oxidation for nitrogen fixation activities. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11:44249–44262. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b1479310.1021/acsami.9b14793 ↗

55. Di J, Li SX, Zhao ZF, Huang YC, Jia Y, Zheng HJ (2015) Biomimetic CNT@TiO2 composite with enhanced photocatalytic properties. Chem Eng J 281:60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.06.06710.1016/j.cej.2015.06.067 ↗

56. Xu J, Xu JM, Jiang SQ, Cao Y, Xu KL, Zhang QY, Wang LP (2020) Facile synthesis of a novel Ag3PO4/MIL-100 (Fe) z-scheme photocatalyst for enhancing tetracycline degradation under visible light. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:37839–37851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09903-w10.1007/s11356-020-09903-w ↗

57. Li Q, Deng M, Gao J, Liu AX, Wang Q, Wang ER, Li ZH, Zhu HY, Tang XJ (2025) Rational design of a novel MIL-100 (Fe)/TpPa-1 COF direct z-scheme heterojunction for photo-self-fenton removal of antibiotics: performance and ecotoxicity assessment. Sep Purif Technol 362:131722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.13172210.1016/j.seppur.2025.131722 ↗

58. Cao Q, Zhang LL, Zhou C, He JH, Marcomini A, Lu JM (2021) Covalent organic framework-supported Zn single atom catalyst for highly efficient n-formylation of amines with CO2 under mild conditions. Appl Catal B-Environ Energy 294:120238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.12023810.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120238 ↗

59. Ahmad M, Chen S, Ye F, Quan X, Afzal S, Yu HT, Zhao XY (2019) Efficient photo-fenton activity in mesoporous MIL-100 (Fe) decorated with ZnO nanosphere for pollutants degradation. Appl Catal B Environ 245:428–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.12.05710.1016/j.apcatb.2018.12.057 ↗

60. Chen DD, Yi XH, Zhao C, Fu HF, Wang P, Wang CC (2020) Polyaniline modified MIL-100 (Fe) for enhanced photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction and tetracycline degradation under white light. Chemosphere 245:125659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.12565910.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125659 ↗

61. Tang JT, Wang JL (2018) Metal organic framework with coordinatively unsaturated sites as efficient fenton-like catalyst for enhanced degradation of sulfamethazine. Environ Sci Technol 52:5367–5377. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b0009210.1021/acs.est.8b00092 ↗

62. Zhu YF, Chen WJ, Jiang Y, Wang FY (2012) Effects of structure characteristics of carbon nanotubes on properties of composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 31:1097–1102. https://doi.org/10.1177/073168441245321310.1177/0731684412453213 ↗

63. Vo TK, Nguyen V, Pham HA, Vo TC, Nguyen V, Nguyen MQ, Nguyen V (2025) Synergistic effects of altering the pore structure of MIL-100 (Fe) and π-complexation to improve the adsorptive removal of quinoline from liquid fuel. Inorg Chem Commun 181:115281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2025.11528110.1016/j.inoche.2025.115281 ↗

64. Ma XD, Ouyang F (2013) Adsorption properties of biomass-based activated carbon prepared with spent coffee grounds and pomelo skin by phosphoric acid activation. Appl Surf Sci 268:566–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.01.00910.1016/j.apsusc.2013.01.009 ↗

65. Sing KSW, Everett DH, Haul RAW, Moscou L, Pierotti RA, Rouquerol J, Siemieniewska T (1985) Reportin physisorption data for gas solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface-area and porosity (recommendations 1984). Pure Appl Chem 57:603–619. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac19855704060310.1351/pac198557040603 ↗

66. Zhou D, Chen XP, Liang BF, Fan XX, Wei XJ, Liang JZ, Wang LL (2019) Embedding MIL-100 (Fe) with magnetically recyclable Fe3O4 nanoparticles for highly efficient esterification of diterpene resin acids and the associated kinetics. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 289:109615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2019.10961510.1016/j.micromeso.2019.109615 ↗

67. Song GQ, Wang ZQ, Wang L, Li GR, Huang MJ, Yin FX (2014) Preparation of MOF(Fe) and its catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction in an alkaline electrolyte. Chin J Catal 35:185–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2067(12)60729-310.1016/s1872-2067(12)60729-3 ↗

68. Tan FC, Liu M, Li KY, Wang YR, Wang JH, Guo XW, Zhang GL, Song CS (2015) Facile synthesis of size-controlled MIL-100 (Fe) with excellent adsorption capacity for methylene blue. Chem Eng J 281:360–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.06.04410.1016/j.cej.2015.06.044 ↗

69. de la Flor MP, Camarillo R, Martínez F, Jiménez C, Quiles R, Rincón J (2021) Synthesis and characterization of TiO2/CNT/Pd: an effective sunlight photocatalyst for neonicotinoids degradation. J Environ Chem Eng 9:106278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.10627810.1016/j.jece.2021.106278 ↗

70. Zheng CJ, Guo YB, Zhang CJ, Cao XJ, Wan JF (2025) Nitrogen-defective protonated porous C3N4 nanosheets for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible light. Appl Catal B-Environ Energy 365:124879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2024.12487910.1016/j.apcatb.2024.124879 ↗

71. Barjasteh M, Vossoughi M, Bagherzadeh M, Bagheri KP (2023) MIL-100 (Fe) a potent adsorbent of dacarbazine: experimental and molecular docking simulation. Chem Eng J 452:138987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.13898710.1016/j.cej.2022.138987 ↗

72. Li Q, Luo X, Cai JP, Li G, Wang PP, Han WL, Lan YF (2024) Light-driven green synthesis of tea polyphenols-derived temperature-resistant and environmentally friendly filter loss reducer on MIL-100 (Fe)-NH2(20) photocatalyst. J Catal 436:115625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2024.11562510.1016/j.jcat.2024.115625 ↗

73. Coulter JB, Birnie DP (2018) Assessing tauc plot slope quantification: ZnO thin films as a model system. Phys Status Solidi B-Basic Solid State Phys 255:1700393. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.20170039310.1002/pssb.201700393 ↗

74. Fan XW, Hu HX, Qin JQ, Cao X, Zhao R, Wang D (2021) Mechanism study on NO removal over the CQDs@MIL-100 (Fe) composite photocatalyst. Environ Technol Innov 24:101809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.10180910.1016/j.eti.2021.101809 ↗

75. Ali K, Sethi P, Basu S (2026) ZIF-67/CQD nanohybrids for combined adsorptive and photocatalytic removal of tetracycline: kinetic, isotherm, and mechanistic insights. RSC Sustain 4:1436–1455. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5su00898k10.1039/d5su00898k ↗

76. Ma R, Sun Y, Zhang H, Zhu J, Tian H, Guo X, Wang R, Cui X, Hou X, An S (2024) Intense interaction between biochar/g-C3N4 promotes the photocatalytic performance of heterojunction catalysts. RSC Adv 14:19707–19717. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra03232b10.1039/d4ra03232b ↗

77. Huang J, Song HY, Chen CX, Yang Y, Xu ND, Ji XZ, Li CY, You JA (2017) Facile synthesis of N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles caged in MIL-100 (Fe) for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes under visible light irradiation. J Environ Chem Eng 5:2579–2585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.05.01210.1016/j.jece.2017.05.012 ↗

78. Wu QS, Siddique MS, Yu WZ (2021) Iron-nickel bimetallic metal-organic frameworks as bifunctional fenton-like catalysts for enhanced adsorption and degradation of organic contaminants under visible light: kinetics and mechanistic studies. J Hazard Mater 401:123261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.12326110.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123261 ↗

79. Ghasemi B, Anvaripour B, Jorfi S, Jaafarzadeh N (2016) Enhanced photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of furfural using UVC/TiO2/GAC composite in aqueous solution. Int J Photoenergy 2016:2782607. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/278260710.1155/2016/2782607 ↗

80. Li YY, Fang Y, Cao ZL, Li NJ, Chen DY, Xu QF, Lu JM (2019) Construction of g-C3N4/PDI@MOF heterojunctions for the highly efficient visible light-driven degradation of pharmaceutical and phenolic micropollutants. Appl Catal B Environ 250:150–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.03.02410.1016/j.apcatb.2019.03.024 ↗

81. Oveisi M, Mahmoodi NM, Asli MA (2019) Facile and green synthesis of metal-organic framework/inorganic nanofiber using electrospinning for recyclable visible-light photocatalysis. J Clean Prod 222:669–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.06610.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.066 ↗

82. Chen XP, Wu JB, Chu RS, Xing LL, Sun YR, Wang JP, Chen GQ, Xing TL (2025) In situ growth of iron-based MOFs on carboxylated cotton fabrics for removal of rhodamine B by photocatalysis. Appl Organomet Chem 39:e70023. https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.7002310.1002/aoc.70023 ↗

83. Song YR, Wang KS, An GY, Zhao FJ, Men B, Du ZX, Wang DS (2022) Preparation of powdered activated carbon matrix composites and their decontamination performance and mechanisms for oily sewage. Acta Chim Sinica 80:1592–1599. https://doi.org/10.6023/a2208037510.6023/a22080375 ↗

84. Cheikh S, Imessaoudene A, Bollinger JC, Manseri A, Bouzaza A, Hadadi A, Hamri N, Amrane A, Mouni L (2023) Adsorption behavior and mechanisms of the emerging antibiotic pollutant norfloxacin on eco-friendly and low-cost hydroxyapatite: integrated experimental and response surface methodology optimized adsorption process. J Mol Liq 392:123424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2023.12342410.1016/j.molliq.2023.123424 ↗

85. González S, Jaramillo-Fierro X (2025) Ab initio study of formation mechanisms and thermochemical properties of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in photocatalytic processes. Int J Mol Sci 26:8989. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms2618898910.3390/ijms26188989 ↗

86. Bendjama M, Hamdaoui O (2025) Photocatalytic degradation of safranin O: unraveling the roles of dissolved gases, environmental matrices, and reactive species. Catalysts, 15, 914. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal1509091410.3390/catal15090914 ↗

87. Yang B, Cai B, Xia JM, Liu Y, Ma YZ, Zhang JB, Liu LH, Cao K, Shen W, Chen SY, Chen SF (2025) Reducing nonradiative recombination in halide perovskites through appropriate band gaps and heavy atomic masses. J Phys Chem Lett 16:1253–1260. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c0335810.1021/acs.jpclett.4c03358 ↗

88. Zhao RD, Zhang T, Guo LT, Wang SH, Zhang YQ, Li PW, Song YL (2025) Manipulating exciton-phonon coupling to optimize carrier properties for high-performance 2D perovskite photodetectors. ACS Nano 19:12182–12193. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c0014410.1021/acsnano.5c00144 ↗

89. Chen GL, Li M, Liu X (2015) Fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent contaminants in soil/groundwater: a literature review of sources, fate, and occurrence. Water Air Soil Pollut 226:418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-015-2438-y10.1007/s11270-015-2438-y ↗

90. Sheikhsamany R, Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A, Varma RS (2024) A novel barium zirconate titanate/Fe-MOF nanocomposite: synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic mechanism. Surf Interfaces 54:105205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2024.10520510.1016/j.surfin.2024.105205 ↗

91. Wang QF, Shao YS, Gao NY, Chu WH, Chen JX, Lu X, Zhu YP, An N (2017) Activation of peroxymonosulfate by Al2O3-based CoFe2O4 for the degradation of sulfachloropyridazine sodium: kinetics and mechanism. Sep Purif Technol 189:176–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.07.04610.1016/j.seppur.2017.07.046 ↗

92. Hou QZ, Wang YQ, Hou YQ, Shi QQ, Hao YM (2025) CoO-loaded g-C3N4/Ti3C2-based catalysts for efficient p-nitrophenol degradation in a peroxymonosulfate-activation/photocatalysis system. J Environ Chem Eng 13:117692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2025.11769210.1016/j.jece.2025.117692 ↗

93. Cao YM, Yue L, Li ZX, Han YH, Lian J, Qin HP, He SY (2023) Construction of Sn-Bi-MOF/Ti3C2 schottky junction for photocatalysis of tetracycline: performance and degradation mechanism. Appl Surf Sci 609:155191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.15519110.1016/j.apsusc.2022.155191 ↗

94. Sanjenuganth B, Kadarkarai G, Gcina M, Maruthamani D, Velluchamy M (2025) Synergistic charge transfer-enhanced photocatalytic degradation of oxytetracycline and Cr(VI) reduction using Sm2O3/Ir@Bi2O3. Langmuir 41:26011–26029. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c0263910.1021/acs.langmuir.5c02639 ↗

95. Shen M, Zhang G, Liu J, Liu Y, Zhai J, Zhang H, Yu H (2023) Visible-light-driven photodegradation of xanthate in a continuous fixed-bed photoreactor: experimental study and modeling. Chem Eng J 461:141833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.14183310.1016/j.cej.2023.141833 ↗

96. Zhang T, Yang PZ, Ji YF, Lu JH (2025) The role of natural organic matter in the degradation of phenolic pollutants by sulfate radical oxidation: radical scavenging vs reduction. Environ Sci Technol 59:3325–3335. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c1257910.1021/acs.est.4c12579 ↗

97. Wang J, Zhu MY, Sun AL, Yuan RF, Chen HL, Zhou BH (2025) The influence mechanism of dissolved organic matter on the photocatalytic oxidation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Molecules 30:2266. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules3011226610.3390/molecules30112266 ↗

98. Santos GOS, Sánchez-Montes I, Cordeiro PJM Jr, Silva TO, Rodrigo MA, Lanza MRV (2025) Sustainable ferrocene for enhanced heterogeneous photoelectro-fenton: a novel application in gas diffusion electrodes. J Environ Chem Eng 13:115524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2025.11552410.1016/j.jece.2025.115524 ↗

99. Lu T, Chen FW (2012) Multiwfn: a multifunctional wavefunction analyzer. J Comput Chem 33:508–592. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.2288510.1002/jcc.22885 ↗

100. Gong QJ, Liu Y, Dang Z (2019) Core-shell structured Fe3O4@GO@MIL-100 (Fe) magnetic nanoparticles as heterogeneous photo-fenton catalyst for 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation under visible light. J Hazard Mater, 371, 677-686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.01910.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.019 ↗