Next-generation sustainable food packaging: Development of functional PLA/PHBV/EVOH blend films

1. Stoett P, Scrich VM, Elliff CI, Andrade MM, Grilli NdeM, Turra A (2024) Global plastic pollution, sustainable development, and plastic justice. World Dev 184:106756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.10675610.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106756 ↗

2. Nuojua S, Pahl S, Thompson RC (2024) Plastic alternatives and substitutes in the packaging sector – a UK consumer perspective. Sustain Prod Consum 46:68–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2024.02.01910.1016/j.spc.2024.02.019 ↗

3. Kalina S, Kapilan R, Wickramasinghe I, Navaratne SB (2024) Potential use of plant leaves and sheath as food packaging materials in tackling plastic pollution: A review. Ceylon J Sci 53(1):21–37. https://doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v53i1.814510.4038/cjs.v53i1.8145 ↗

4. Hassoun A et al (2023) Creating new opportunities for sustainable food packaging through dimensions of Industry 4.0: New insights into the food waste perspective. Trends Food Sci Technol 142:104238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2023.10423810.1016/j.tifs.2023.104238 ↗

5. Perera KY, Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S (2023) Biopolymer-based sustainable food packaging materials: Challenges, solutions, and applications. Foods 12(12):2422. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods1212242210.3390/foods12122422 ↗

6. Kumari SVG, Pakshirajan K, Pugazhenthi G (2022) Recent advances and future prospects of cellulose, starch, chitosan, polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates for sustainable food packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 221:163–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.20310.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.203 ↗

7. Westlake JR, Tran MW, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Burrows AD, Xie M (2023) Biodegradable biopolymers for active packaging: demand, development and directions. Sustain Food Technol 1(1):50–72. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2FB00004K10.1039/D2FB00004K ↗

8. Agarwal A, Shaida B, Rastogi M, Singh NB (2022) Food packaging materials with special reference to biopolymers—properties and applications. Chem Afr 6(1):117–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-022-00446-w10.1007/s42250-022-00446-w ↗

9. Ncube LK, Ude AU, Ogunmuyiwa EN, Zulkifli R, Beas IN (2020) Environmental impact of food packaging materials: a review of contemporary development from conventional plastics to polylactic acid-based materials. Materials (Basel) 13(21):4994. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1321499410.3390/ma13214994 ↗

10. Jiménez L, Mena MJ, Prendiz J, Salas L, Vega-Baudrit J (2019) Polylactic acid (PLA) as a bioplastic and its possible applications in the food industry. Food Sci Nutr 5(2):1–6. https://doi.org/10.24966/fsn-1076/10004810.24966/fsn-1076/100048 ↗

11. Mathew SS, Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S (2025) A comprehensive review on hydrophobic modification of biopolymer composites for food packaging applications. Food Packag Shelf Life 48:101464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2025.10146410.1016/j.fpsl.2025.101464 ↗

12. Jamshidian M, Tehrany EA, Imran M, Jacquot M, Desobry S (2010) Poly-lactic acid: production, applications, nanocomposites, and release studies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 9(5):552–571. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00126.x10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00126.x ↗

13. Laycock B, Halley P, Pratt S, Werker A, Lant P (2013) The chemomechanical properties of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Prog Polym Sci 38(3–4):536–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.06.00310.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.06.003 ↗

14. Kanda GS, Al-Qaradawi I, Luyt AS (2018) Morphology and property changes in PLA/PHBV blends as function of blend composition. J Polym Res 25(9):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-018-1586-310.1007/s10965-018-1586-3 ↗

15. Galet VM (2014) Novel antimicrobial films based on ethylene–vinyl alcohol copolymers for food packaging application. Universitat Politècnica de València.

16. Catalá R, et al. (2016) Antimicrobial active packaging systems based on EVOH copolymers. Antimicrob Food Packag, pp. 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800723-5.00022-X10.1016/B978-0-12-800723-5.00022-X ↗

17. Das P, Ganguly S, Margel S, Gedanken A (2021) Immobilization of heteroatom-doped carbon dots onto nonpolar plastics for antifogging, antioxidant, and food monitoring applications. Langmuir 37(11):3508–3520. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c0047110.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00471 ↗

18. Das P, Ganguly S, Ahmed SR, Sherazee M, Margel S, Gedanken A, Srinivasan S, Rajabzadeh AR (2022) Carbon dot biopolymer-based flexible functional films for antioxidant and food monitoring applications. ACS Appl Polym Mater 4(12):9323–9340. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.2c0157910.1021/acsapm.2c01579 ↗

19. Althawab SA, Alsulami T, Alzahrani H, Alzahrani A (2024) Doped carbon dots reinforced flexible nanocomposite active polymer film for antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 698:134554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.13455410.1016/j.colsurfa.2024.134554 ↗

20. Wang S, Ma P, Wang R, Wang S, Zhang Y, Zhang Y (2008) Mechanical, thermal and degradation properties of poly(D,L-lactide)/poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate)/poly(ethylene glycol) blend. Polym Degrad Stabil 93(7):1364–1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.03.02610.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.03.026 ↗

21. Mungok RM, Handge UA (2025) Compatibilization of poly(lactic acid)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) blends using multifunctional epoxy-based chain extender. Polym Eng Sci 65(7):3687–3703. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.2724210.1002/pen.27242 ↗

22. Mokoena LS, Puseletso Mofokeng J, Julia Puseletso Mofokeng C, Sydney L, Eng Sci P (2024) Morphology and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/graphene oxide polymeric composites. Polym Eng Sci 64(11):5329–5350. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.2691910.1002/pen.26919 ↗

23. Mokoena LS, Mofokeng JP (2024) Preparation of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)/graphene oxide (GO) polymeric composites for the selective removal of lead ions (Pb(II)) in water. Polym Compos 45(9):8527–8542. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.2835810.1002/pc.28358 ↗

24. Samatya Yılmaz S, Uzuner H, Aytac A (2023) Use of antibacterial effective food packaging of crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol/sodium caseinate/silver nanoparticle composite films. Polym Compos 44(8):4480–4494. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.2741310.1002/pc.27413 ↗

25. Dülger ND, Samatya Yılmaz S, Uzuner H, Aytac A (2024) Fabrication of antibacterial food packaging from polyvinyl alcohol/sodium caseinate composite films cross-linked with lactic acid. J Vinyl Addit Technol 30(6):1528–1544. https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.2213710.1002/vnl.22137 ↗

26. Samatya Yılmaz S, Kalkan Ercan M, Görener Erdem N, Kibar ME, Bilgin Şimşek E, Aytac S (2025) Production of boron carbon nitride added poly(lactic acid) composites via solution casting method. Polym Compos 45(12):10592–10603. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.3006810.1002/pc.30068 ↗

27. Siracusa V, Rocculi P, Romani S, Dalla Rosa M (2008) Biodegradable polymers for food packaging: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 19(12):634–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2008.07.00310.1016/j.tifs.2008.07.003 ↗

28. Sanyang ML, Sapuan SM, Jawaid M, Ishak MR, Sahari J (2016) Development and characterization of sugar palm starch and poly(lactic acid) bilayer films. Carbohydr Polym 146:36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.05110.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.051 ↗

29. Siracusa V, Karpova S, Olkhov A, Zhulkina A, Kosenko R, Iordanskii A (2020) Gas transport phenomena and polymer dynamics in PHB/PLA blend films as potential packaging materials. Polymers (Basel) 12(3):647. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1203064710.3390/polym12030647 ↗

30. Tubio CR et al (2023) Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) blends with poly(caprolactone) and poly(lactic acid): A comparative study. Polymers (Basel) 15(23):4566. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1523456610.3390/polym15234566 ↗

31. Hao Y, Yang H, Pan H, Ran X, Zhang H (2018) The effect of MBS on the heat resistant, mechanical properties, thermal behavior and rheological properties of PLA/EVOH blend. J Polym Res 25(8):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-018-1547-x10.1007/s10965-018-1547-x ↗

32. Zhang W, Gui Z, Lu C, Cheng S, Cai D, Gao Y (2013) Improving transparency of incompatible polymer blends by reactive compatibilization. Mater Lett 92:68–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.10.06010.1016/j.matlet.2012.10.060 ↗

33. Angin N, Caylak S, Ertas M, Donmez Cavdar A (2022) Effect of alkyl ketene dimer on chemical and thermal properties of polylactic acid (PLA) hybrid composites. Sustain Mater Technol 32:e00386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2021.e0038610.1016/j.susmat.2021.e00386 ↗

34. Saidi MAA, Rahman WAWA, Majid RA (2014) Effect of different solvents on the thermal, IR spectroscopy and morphological properties of solution casted PLA/starch films. Malays J Fundam Appl Sci 10(1):33–36. https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v10n1.6710.11113/mjfas.v10n1.67 ↗

35. Arrieta MP, López J, López D, Kenny JM, Peponi L (2015) Development of flexible materials based on plasticized electrospun PLA–PHB blends: structural, thermal, mechanical and disintegration properties. Eur Polym J 73:433–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.10.03610.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.10.036 ↗

36. Maizatul N, Norazowa I, Yunus WMZW, Khalina A, Khalisanni K (2013) FTIR and TGA Analysis of Biodegradable Poly(Lactic Acid)/Treated Kenaf Bast Fibre: Effect of Plasticizers. Pertanika J Sci Technol 21(1):151–160. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56009206

37. Gomes NO et al (2023) Flexible and sustainable printed sensor strips for on-site, fast decentralized self-testing of urinary biomarkers integrated with a portable wireless analyzer. Chem Eng J 472:144775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.14477510.1016/j.cej.2023.144775 ↗

38. Nasrin R et al (2017) Preparation of chitin-PLA laminated composite for implantable application. Bioact Mater 2(4):199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.09.00310.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.09.003 ↗

39. Sangeetha VH, Valapa RB, Nayak SK, Varghese TO (2016) Super toughened renewable poly(lactic acid) based ternary blends system: Effect of degree of hydrolysis of ethylene vinyl acetate on impact and thermal properties. RSC Adv 6(76):72681–72691. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra13366e10.1039/c6ra13366e ↗

40. Kaniuk Ł et al (2021) Time-dependent effects on physicochemical and surface properties of PHBV fibers and films in relation to their interactions with fibroblasts. Appl Surf Sci 545:148983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.14898310.1016/j.apsusc.2021.148983 ↗

41. Kim GM, Michler GH, Henning S, Radusch HJ, Wutzler A (2007) Thermal and spectroscopic characterization of microbial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) submicrometer fibers prepared by electrospinning. J Appl Polym Sci 103(3):1860–1867. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.2534810.1002/app.25348 ↗

42. Chang HC, Sun T, Sultana N, Lim MM, Khan TH, Ismail AF (2016) Conductive PEDOT:PSS coated polylactide (PLA) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) electrospun membranes: fabrication and characterization. Mater Sci Eng C 61:396–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.07410.1016/j.msec.2015.12.074 ↗

43. Singh S, Mohanty AK, Sugie T, Takai Y, Hamada H (2008) Renewable resource based biocomposites from natural fiber and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) bioplastic. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 39(5):875–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.01.00410.1016/j.compositesa.2008.01.004 ↗

44. Nicolescu CM, Bumbac M, Moll E, Chiralt A (2023) Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) with phenolic acids for active food packaging. Polym 15(21):4222. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1521422210.3390/polym15214222 ↗

45. Pramanik N, Das R, Rath T, Kundu PP (2014) Microbial degradation of linseed oil-based elastomer and subsequent accumulation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) copolymer. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 174(4):1613–1630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-1061-510.1007/s12010-014-1061-5 ↗

46. Hong SG, Chen WM (2006) The attenuated total reflection infrared analysis of surface crystallinity of polyhydroxyalkanoates. E-Polym 6(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly.2006.6.1.31010.1515/epoly.2006.6.1.310 ↗

47. Aragón-Gutiérrez A et al (2022) Pilot-scale processing and functional properties of antifungal EVOH-based films containing methyl anthranilate intended for food packaging applications. Polymers 14(16):3405. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1416340510.3390/polym14163405 ↗

48. Meráz-Rivera J, Cruz-Rivero L, Méndez-Hernández ML, Rivera-Armenta JL, Angeles-Herrera D, Ramírez-López C (2020) Development of a composite from TPS–EVOH–SBR reinforced with coconut fiber. Sustainability 12(19):7838. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1219783810.3390/su12197838 ↗

49. Liu Q et al (2024) Melt-spun polylactide/ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer fiber. Int J Biol Macromol 273:133136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.13313610.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133136 ↗

50. Carrasco F, Pagès P, Gámez-Pérez J, Santana OO, Maspoch ML (2010) Processing of poly(lactic acid): Characterization of chemical structure, thermal stability and mechanical properties. Polym Degrad Stab 95(2):116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.04510.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.045 ↗

51. Arrieta MP, Samper MD, Aldas M, López J (2017) On the use of PLA–PHB blends for sustainable food packaging applications. Mater 10(9):1008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1009100810.3390/ma10091008 ↗

52. Abdelwahab MA, Flynn A, Chiou BS, Imam S, Orts W, Chiellini E (2012) Thermal, mechanical and morphological characterization of plasticized PLA–PHB blends. Polym Degrad Stab 97(9):1822–1828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.05.03610.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.05.036 ↗

53. Arrieta MP, Samper MD, López J, Jiménez A (2014) Combined effect of poly(hydroxybutyrate) and plasticizers on polylactic acid properties for film intended for food packaging. J Polym Environ 22(4):460–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-014-0654-y10.1007/s10924-014-0654-y ↗

54. Zhang M, Thomas NL (2011) Blending polylactic acid with polyhydroxybutyrate: the effect on thermal, mechanical, and biodegradation properties. Adv Polym Technol 30(2):67–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/adv.2023510.1002/adv.20235 ↗

55. Luzi F, Torre L, Puglia D (2020) Antioxidant packaging films based on ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and caffeic acid. Molecules 25(17):3953. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules2517395310.3390/molecules25173953 ↗

56. López De Dicastillo C, Nerín C, Alfaro P, Catalá R, Gavara R, Hernández-Muñoz P (2011) Development of new antioxidant active packaging films based on ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and green tea extract. J Agric Food Chem 59(14):7832–7840. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf201246g10.1021/jf201246g ↗

57. Blanchard A, Gouanvé F, Espuche E (2021) Influence of the graphene filler nature on the morphology and properties of melt blended EVOH based nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 13(20):3546. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1320354610.3390/polym13203546 ↗

58. Mofokeng JP, Luyt AS (2015) Morphology and thermal degradation studies of melt-mixed PLA/PHBV biodegradable polymer blend nanocomposites with TiO2 as filler. J Appl Polym Sci 132(25):42138. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.4213810.1002/app.42138 ↗

59. Zhao H, Cui Z, Wang X, Turng LS, Peng X (2013) Processing and characterization of solid and microcellular poly(lactic acid)/polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate (PLA/PHBV) blends and PLA/PHBV/clay nanocomposites. Compos Part B Eng 51:79–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.02.03410.1016/j.compositesb.2013.02.034 ↗

60. Abbasi M, Pokhrel D, Coats ER, Guho NM, McDonald AG (2022) Effect of 3-hydroxyvalerate content on thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) biopolymers produced from fermented dairy manure. Polymers (Basel) 14(19):4140. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1419414010.3390/polym14194140 ↗

61. Luzi F et al (2018) Effect of gallic acid and umbelliferone on thermal, mechanical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) films. Polym Degrad Stabil 152:162–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.04.01510.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.04.015 ↗

62. Lai SM, Liu YH, Huang CT, Don TM (2017) Miscibility and toughness improvement of poly(lactic acid)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) blends using a melt-induced degradation approach. J Polym Res 24(7):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-017-1253-010.1007/s10965-017-1253-0 ↗

63. Saeidlou S, Huneault MA, Li H, Park CB (2012) Poly(lactic acid) crystallization. Prog Polym Sci 37(12):1657–1677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.07.00510.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.07.005 ↗

64. Farah S, Anderson DG, Langer R (2016) Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications — a comprehensive review. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 107:367–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.01210.1016/j.addr.2016.06.012 ↗

65. Brütting C, Dreier J, Bonten C, Altstädt V, Ruckdäschel H (2023) Sustainable immiscible polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) blends: crystallization and foaming behavior. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 11(17):6676–6687. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c0019910.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00199 ↗

66. Gasmi S, Hassan MK, Luyt AS (2019) Crystallization and dielectric behavior of PLA and PHBV in PLA/PHBV blends and PLA/PHBV/TiO2 nanocomposites. Express Polym Lett 13(2):199–212. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2019.1610.3144/expresspolymlett.2019.16 ↗

67. Fortunati E et al (2012) Multifunctional bionanocomposite films of poly(lactic acid), cellulose nanocrystals and silver nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 87(2):1596–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.06610.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.066 ↗

68. Gui Z, Zhang W, Lu C, Cheng S (2013) Improving the barrier properties of poly(lactic acid) by blending with poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol). J Macromol Sci B 52(5):685–700. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222348.2012.72018010.1080/00222348.2012.720180 ↗

69. Hernández-García E, Vargas M, Chiralt A (2022) Effect of active phenolic acids on properties of PLA-PHBV blend films. Food Packag Shelf Life 33:100894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.10089410.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100894 ↗

70. Peelman N et al (2013) Application of bioplastics for food packaging. Trends Food Sci Technol 32(2):128–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2013.06.00310.1016/j.tifs.2013.06.003 ↗

71. Bazan P et al (2024) Composites based on PLA/PHBV blends with nanocrystalline cellulose NCC: Mechanical and thermal investigation. Materials 17(24):6036. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1724603610.3390/ma17246036 ↗

72. Auras R, Harte B, Selke S (2004) An overview of polylactides as packaging materials. Macromol Biosci 4(9):835–864. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.20040004310.1002/mabi.200400043 ↗

73. Naseem R, Montalbano G, German MJ, Ferreira AM, Gentile P, Dalgarno K (2022) Influence of PCL and PHBV on PLLA thermal and mechanical properties in binary and ternary polymer blends. Molecules 27(21):7633. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules2721763310.3390/molecules27217633 ↗

74. Södergård A, Stolt M (2002) Properties of lactic acid based polymers and their correlation with composition. Prog Polym Sci 27(6):1123–1163. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6700(02)00012-610.1016/s0079-6700(02)00012-6 ↗

75. Li Z, Reimer C, Wang T, Mohanty AK, Misra M (2020) Thermal and mechanical properties of the biocomposites of Miscanthus biocarbon and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). Polymers (Basel) 12(6):1300. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1206130010.3390/polym12061300 ↗

76. Hernández-García E, Vargas M, Chiralt A, González-Martínez C (2022) Biodegradation of PLA-PHBV blend films as affected by the incorporation of different phenolic acids. Foods 11(2):243. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods1102024310.3390/foods11020243 ↗

77. Zhao T, Jiang L (2018) Contact angle measurement of natural materials. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 161:324–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.05610.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.056 ↗

78. Law KY (2014) Definitions for hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, and superhydrophobicity: Getting the basics right. J Phys Chem Lett 5(4):686–688. https://doi.org/10.1021/jz402762h10.1021/jz402762h ↗

79. MohammadKarimi S, Ershad-Langroudi A, Alizadegan F (2024) Surface analysis and water contact angle of modified natural biopolymers. Handbook of Natural Polymers, Vol. 2: Functional surface modification and properties 473–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-99856-7.00010-010.1016/b978-0-323-99856-7.00010-0 ↗

80. Stoleru E, Vasile C, Irimia A, Brebu M (2021) Towards a bioactive food packaging: poly(lactic acid) surface functionalized by chitosan coating embedding clove and argan oils. Molecules 26(15):4500. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules2615450010.3390/molecules26154500 ↗

81. Cava D, Cabedo L, Gimenez E, Gavara R, Lagaron JM (2006) The effect of ethylene content on the interaction between ethylene–vinyl alcohol copolymers and water: (I) application of FT-IR spectroscopy to determine transport properties and interactions in food packaging films. Polym Test 25(2):254–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2005.09.01810.1016/j.polymertesting.2005.09.018 ↗

82. Péter Z, Kenyó C, Renner K, Kröhnke C, Pukánszky B (2014) Decreased oxygen permeability of EVOH through molecular interactions. Express Polym Lett 8(10):756–766. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2014.7810.3144/expresspolymlett.2014.78 ↗

83. Carosio F et al (2014) Efficient gas and water vapor barrier properties of thin poly(lactic acid) packaging films: Functionalization with moisture resistant Nafion and clay multilayers. Chem Mater 26(19):5459–5466. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm501359e10.1021/cm501359e ↗

84. Patwa R, Kumar A, Katiyar V (2018) Effect of silk nano-disc dispersion on mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of poly(lactic acid) based bionanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 135(38):46671. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.4667110.1002/app.46671 ↗

85. Duan Z, Thomas NL, Huang W (2013) Water vapour permeability of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites. J Membr Sci 445:112–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.06.00810.1016/j.memsci.2013.06.008 ↗

86. Soares da Silva FAG et al (2023) Development of a layered bacterial nanocellulose-PHBV composite for food packaging. J Sci Food Agric 103(3):1077–1087. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1183910.1002/jsfa.11839 ↗

87. Dey P, Haldar D, Sharma C, Chopra J, Chakrabortty S, Dilip KJ (2024) Innovations in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and nanocomposites for sustainable food packaging via biochemical biorefinery platforms: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 283:137574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.13757410.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137574 ↗

88. Kucukpinar E, Doruker P (2004) Effect of absorbed water on oxygen transport in EVOH matrices. A molecular dynamics study. Polymer 45(10):3555–3564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.03.02410.1016/j.polymer.2004.03.024 ↗

89. Mokwena KK, Tang J, Laborie MP (2011) Water absorption and oxygen barrier characteristics of ethylene vinyl alcohol films. J Food Eng 105(3):436–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.02.04010.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.02.040 ↗

90. Zhang Z, Britt IJ, Tung MA (2001) Permeation of oxygen and water vapor through EVOH films as influenced by relative humidity. J Appl Polym Sci 82(8):1866–1872. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.203010.1002/app.2030 ↗

91. Memari P, et al. (2015) Permeability of EVOH barrier material used in automotive applications: Metrology development for model fuel mixtures. Oil Gas Sci Technol – Rev. d’IFP Energies Nouv 70(2):353–366. https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst/201316710.2516/ogst/2013167 ↗