Study on synergistic regulation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–7Si–0.35 Mg alloy by simultaneous addition of (Al–3Ti–4.35La + Nd) master alloy and T6 heat treatment

1. P. Lian, H. Mao, Q. Wei, R. Ma, C. Li, H. Xu, Tailoring the strength and corrosion resistance of Al–7Si: eutectic Si modification by Sr and Sc. Mater. Lett. 348, 134505 (2023)10.1016/j.matlet.2023.134505 ↗

2. W. Yi, G. Liu, Z. Lu, J. Gao, L. Zhang, Efficient alloy design of Sr-modified A356 alloys driven by computational thermodynamics and machine learning. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 112, 277 (2022)10.1016/j.jmst.2021.09.061 ↗

3. G. Niu, J. Wang, J. Ye, J. Mao, Enhancing Fe content tolerance in A356 alloys for achieving low carbon footprint aluminum structure castings. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 161, 180 (2023)10.1016/j.jmst.2023.03.041 ↗

4. S. Manani, M. Kumar, P. Nikunj, A.K. Pradhan, Impact of melt thermal treatment and artificial aging on microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 alloy. Metall. Microstruct. Anal. 13(5), 807 (2024)10.1007/s13632-024-01103-z ↗

5. A. Knaislová, Š Michna, I. Hren, T. Vlach, A. Michalcová, P. Novák, D. Stančeková, Microstructural characteristics of Al–Ti–B inoculation wires and their addition to the AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy. Materials 15(21), 7626 (2022)10.3390/ma15217626 ↗

6. T. Lipiński, Effect of Al5TiB master alloy with P on microstructure and mechanical properties of AlSi7Mg alloy. Metals 13(9), 1560 (2023)10.3390/met13091560 ↗

7. Y. Li, B. Hu, B. Liu, A. Nie, Q. Gu, J. Wang, Q. Li, Insight into Si poisoning on grain refinement of Al–Si/Al–5Ti–B system. Acta Mater. 187, 51 (2020)10.1016/j.actamat.2020.01.039 ↗

8. Y. Wang, Z. Que, T. Hashimoto, X. Zhou, Z. Fan, Mechanism for Si poisoning of Al–Ti–B grain refiners in Al alloys. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 51(11), 5743 (2020)10.1007/s11661-020-05950-7 ↗

9. Z. Lei, S. Wen, G. Yang, W. Wei, H. Huang, Z. Nie, Study on microstructure and refining effect of deformed Al–4.5Er-1Zr-1.5Ti master alloy. J. Alloys Metall. Syst. 7, 100084 (2024)10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100084 ↗

10. T. Liu, M. Hu, Q. Ran, B. Jiang, Z. Ji, X. Zhou, A novel Al–Ti–C-B-Ce alloy preparation process and its refinement effect to A356 alloy. JOM 76(1), 379 (2024)10.1007/s11837-023-06258-8 ↗

11. E. Feng, S. Li, G. Liao, Y. Jiang, A. Li, Z. Chen, L. Luo, N. Wang, F. Gao, Mechanical properties and fracture mechanism of aluminum alloys refined by Al–Ti–Ce ternary master alloy. J. Alloys Compd. 1040, 183413 (2025)10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.183413 ↗

12. R. Arrabal, B. Mingo, A. Pardo, M. Mohedano, E. Matykina, M.C. Merino, A. Rivas, Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of A356 aluminium alloy modified with Nd: corrosion of A356 aluminium alloy modified with Nd. Mater. Corros. 66(6), 535 (2015)10.1002/maco.201407674 ↗

13. V.E. Bazhenov, I.I. Baranov, AYu. Titov, A.V. Sannikov, DYu. Ozherelkov, A.A. Lyskovich, A.V. Koltygin, V.D. Belov, Effect of Ti, Sr, and B addition on the fluidity of A356.2 grade aluminum alloy. Russ. J. Non-Ferrous Met. 63(5), 526 (2022)10.3103/S1067821222050029 ↗

14. S. Pan, J. Zheng, Y. Wang, M. Gao, Y. Fu, R. Guan, Optimizing the mechanical performance of A356–Sc–Sr alloy via combining machine learning and mechanical stirring under vacuum. Mater Charact 212, 114011 (2024)10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114011 ↗

15. W. Ding, L. Gou, L. Hu, H. Zhang, W. Zhao, J. Ma, J. Qiao, X. Li, Modification of eutectic Si in hypoeutectic Al–Si alloy with novel Al–3Ti–4.35La master alloy. J. Alloys Compd. 929, 167350 (2022)10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167350 ↗

16. M. Xu, W. Ding, L. Hu, S. Chen, H. Zhang, H. Yu, W. Zhao, Effects of a novel refiner Al–3Ti–4.35La combined with Sr on microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast A356 alloy. China Foundry 21(6), 641 (2024)10.1007/s41230-024-3063-4 ↗

17. K.G.B. Kumar, Influence of refinement and modification on dry sliding wear behavior of hypereutectic Al–Si cast alloys. Adv. Mater. Res. 685, 112 (2013)10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.685.112 ↗

18. H. Azimi, S. Nourouzi, R. Jamaati, Effects of Ti particles and T6 heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 alloy fabricated by compocasting. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 818, 141443 (2021)10.1016/j.msea.2021.141443 ↗

19. K.C. Nnakwo, C.T. Nwajioke, J.L. Chukwuneke, B.C. Ugwuanyi, K.C. Ogbunaoffor, C.C. Ozoh, Microstructure evolution in A356 alloy subjected to controlled heat treatment regimes processes. Discov. Appl. Sci. 6(10), 497 (2024)10.1007/s42452-024-06143-2 ↗

20. B.-C. Yang, S.-F. Chen, H.-W. Song, S.-H. Zhang, H.-P. Chang, S.-W. Xu, Z.-H. Zhu, C.-H. Li, Effects of microstructure coarsening and casting pores on the tensile and fatigue properties of cast A356-T6 aluminum alloy: a comparative investigation. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 857, 144106 (2022)10.1016/j.msea.2022.144106 ↗

21. P. Zhuang, H. Shi, Z. Zhang, R. Chai, J. Zan, X. Du, Effect of short solution heat treatment time on the microstructure and properties of Al–Si–Mg-Cu alloys. Pract. Metallogr. 58(12), 763 (2021)10.1515/pm-2021-0073 ↗

22. M.R.M. Yasin, S.N.A.A. Razak, Effect of high temperature solution heat treatment time on quality index and morphology of A356 DC alloy. Mater. Today Proc. 48, 1924 (2022)10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.477 ↗

23. J. Peng, S. Yuan, W. Wang, P. Gan, J. Ji, J. Zeng, Effect of short solution and artificial ageing on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Si–Mg-La-Ce alloy formed by high pressure die casting. J. Alloys Compd. 1020, 179436 (2025)10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.179436 ↗

24. M. Mičian, E. Kantoríková, J. Borowiecka-Jamrozek, J. Kasińska, Analysis of heat treatment of AlSi7Cu0.5Mg alloy. Materials 18(4), 733 (2025)10.3390/ma18040733 ↗

25. A. De Mori, G. Timelli, A. Fabrizi, F. Berto, Influence of Cu content on the microstructure and high-temperature tensile and fatigue properties of secondary AlSi7Mg0.3VZr alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 816, 141310 (2021)10.1016/j.msea.2021.141310 ↗

26. E. Pourkhorshid, P. Rometsch, A. Bois-Brochu, A. Taylor, R.K.W. Marceau, X. Grant Chen, Effect of Mn on microstructural characteristics and mechanical behavior of AlSi10Mg alloys produced by laser powder bed fusion. Addit. Manuf. 110, 104923 (2025)

27. H. Jia, G. Zhang, S. Zhang, D. Teng, Q. He, J. Li, R. Guan, Refinement of A356 alloy using continuous rheological extrusion Al–Ti–V-B master alloy. China Foundry 22(2), 222 (2025)10.1007/s41230-025-3135-0 ↗

28. W. Ding, M. Xu, L. Gou, L. Li, J. Ma, J. An, X. Lu, X. Liu, X. Li, Refinement mechanism of the hypoeutectic Al–7Si alloy by adding a novel La-rich rare-earth grain refiner. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 55(9), 3617 (2024)10.1007/s11661-024-07510-9 ↗

29. P. Zhou, Y. Song, L. Hua, J. Lin, J. Lu, Using novel strain aging kinetics models to determine the effect of solution temperature on critical strain of Al–Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. J. Alloys Compd. 838, 155647 (2020)10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155647 ↗

30. T. Wang, H. He, K. Liu, Y. Yan, Z. Deng, J. Liao, W. Li, Mechanisms related to the influence of natural aging on the precipitation behavior of the A357 aluminum alloy during artificial aging. Vacuum 217, 112581 (2023)10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112581 ↗

31. A.K. Dahle, K. Nogita, J.W. Zindel, S.D. McDonald, Eutectic nucleation and growth in hypoeutectic Al–Si alloys at different strontium levels. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 32(4), 949–960 (2001)10.1007/s11661-001-0352-y ↗

32. W. Ding, J. Chen, X. Tian, J. An, H. Yu, H. Zhang, G. Wei, Effects of (Al–Ti–La+Nd) modification and heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of Al–7Si alloy. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 36, 1026–1038 (2025)10.1016/S1003-6326(25)67014-2 ↗

33. A. Girgis, E. Samuel, A.M. Samuel, V. Songmene, F.H. Samuel, Effect of Cu content on the alloy tensile properties of Al–Cu based alloys tested at 25 °C and 250 °C: application of the concept of quality index. Materials 16(4), 1400 (2023)10.3390/ma16041400 ↗

34. S.-P. Xu, C.-S. Shi, N.-Q. Zhao, C.-N. He, Microstructure and tensile properties of A356 alloy with different Sc/Zr additions. Rare Met. 40(9), 2514 (2021)10.1007/s12598-020-01529-8 ↗

35. M. Colombo, E. Gariboldi, A. Morri, Influences of different Zr additions on the microstructure, room and high temperature mechanical properties of an Al–7Si–0.4Mg alloy modified with 0.25%Er. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 713, 151 (2018)10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.068 ↗

36. B. Cantor, Exploring multicomponent phase space to discover new materials. J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 45(3), 188 (2024)10.1007/s11669-024-01131-w ↗

37. U. Mizutani, H. Sato, T.B. Massalski, The original concepts of the Hume-Rothery rule extended to alloys and compounds whose bonding is metallic, ionic, or covalent, or a changing mixture of these. Prog. Mater. Sci. 120, 100719 (2021)10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100719 ↗

38. Z. Pei, J. Yin, J.A. Hawk, D.E. Alman, M.C. Gao, Machine-learning informed prediction of high-entropy solid solution formation: beyond the Hume-Rothery rules. pj Comput. Mater. 6(1), 50 (2020)10.1038/s41524-020-0308-7 ↗

39. Y. Zhang, Z. Mao, Q. Han, Y. Li, M. Li, S. Du, Z. Chai, Q. Huang, The role of Hume-Rothery’s rules play in the MAX phases formability. Materialia 12, 100810 (2020)10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100810 ↗

40. F. Mao, Y. Qiao, P. Zhang, L. Ou, C. Chen, C. Zhang, Y. Wang, Modification mechanism of rare earth Eu on eutectic Si in hypoeutectic Al–Si alloy. Int. J. Metalcast. 16(2), 634 (2022)10.1007/s40962-021-00626-3 ↗

41. Z. Huang, J. Li, C. Yuan, Q. Wang, F. Yan, F. Zu, Effect of Al–Sr-Y intermediate alloy on microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 alloy. Mater. Res. Express (2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ad272210.1088/2053-1591/ad2722 ↗

42. A. Mazahery, M.O. Shabani, Modification mechanism and microstructural characteristics of eutectic Si in casting Al–Si alloys: a review on experimental and numerical studies. JOM 66(5), 726 (2014)10.1007/s11837-014-0968-1 ↗

43. Y. Li, S. Li, L. Yang, H. Zhong, Microstructure and properties of twinned dendrites in directionally solidified A356 alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 734, 7 (2018)10.1016/j.msea.2018.07.079 ↗

44. A. Ghosh, W. Wu, B.P. Sahu, J. Wang, A. Misra, Enabling plastic co-deformation of disparate phases in a laser rapid solidified Sr-modified Al–Si eutectic through partiAl–dislocation-mediated-plasticity in Si. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 885, 145648 (2023)10.1016/j.msea.2023.145648 ↗

45. A. Korkmaz, T. Yağcı, O. Çulha, A computational and experimental approach to the enhancement of heat treatment processes for Al–Si–Mg alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 1035, 181468 (2025)10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.181468 ↗

46. S.S. Dash, D. Chen, A review on processing–microstructure–property relationships of Al–Si alloys: recent advances in deformation behavior. Metals 13(3), 609 (2023)10.3390/met13030609 ↗

47. V. Tavakkoli, E. Boltynjuk, T. Scherer, A. Mazilkin, Y. Ivanisenko, T. Ungar, C. Kübel, Precipitate-mediated enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties in HPTE-processed Al–Mg–Si alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 906, 146556 (2024)10.1016/j.msea.2024.146556 ↗

48. P. Yin, L. Xia, Y. Wen, D. Xia, Y. Wu, Effect of micro-nano structure on residual stress in A356 alloy. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 39, 1017 (2025)10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.163 ↗

49. Y. Wang, Y. Lu, Y. Li, S. Zhang, S. Wang, J. Xu, Z. Chen, On the shearing mechanisms of β” precipitates by the dislocations gliding on the {100}Al planes in Al–7Si–Mg alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 845, 143152 (2022)10.1016/j.msea.2022.143152 ↗

50. R. Ni, S. Hua, H. Liu, S. Huang, Y. Zeng, Y. Chai, H. Zhou, J. Zheng, D. Yin, Statistical study of activity and Hall-Petch coefficients for individual slip modes in BasAl–textured pure Mg. Acta Metall. Sin. Engl. Lett. 38(7), 1145 (2025)10.1007/s40195-025-01862-w ↗

51. C.H. Henager, Reversing inverse Hall-Petch and direct computation of Hall-Petch coefficients. Acta Mater. 265, 119627 (2024)10.1016/j.actamat.2023.119627 ↗

52. L. Yu, H.Z. Lu, L. Cheng, A.M. Guo, Z.D. Zhang, W. Wang, Y.C. Shi, D. OuYang, K. Wu, Effect of Al5Nb0·5B master alloy on grain refinement and mechanical properties of Al7Si alloy. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 36, 8296 (2025)10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.05.027 ↗

53. Y. Jin, H. Fang, R. Chen, J. Wang, S. Sun, S. Wang, B. Shao, J. Guo, Morphological modification of Mg2Si phase and strengthening mechanism in Mg2Si/Al composites by Eu addition and T6 heat treatment. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 159, 151 (2023)10.1016/j.jmst.2023.03.012 ↗

54. W. Jiang, J. Zhu, G. Li, F. Guan, Y. Yu, Z. Fan, Enhanced mechanical properties of 6082 aluminum alloy via SiC addition combined with squeeze casting. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 88, 119 (2021)10.1016/j.jmst.2021.01.077 ↗

55. K. Ma, H. Wen, T. Hu, T.D. Topping, D. Isheim, D.N. Seidman, E.J. Lavernia, J.M. Schoenung, Mechanical behavior and strengthening mechanisms in ultrafine grain precipitation-strengthened aluminum alloy. Acta Mater. 62, 141 (2014)10.1016/j.actamat.2013.09.042 ↗

56. Q. Liu, Y. Jin, Q. Bian, H. Yang, T. Zhang, J. Li, J. Wang, Influence of the solidification rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of rapidly solidified Al–Mg–Si alloy. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 39, 692 (2025)10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.151 ↗

57. X. Zhang, L.K. Huang, B. Zhang, Y.Z. Chen, F. Liu, Microstructural evolution and strengthening mechanism of an Al–Si–Mg alloy processed by high-pressure torsion with different heat treatments. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 794, 139932 (2020)10.1016/j.msea.2020.139932 ↗