journal article·2026-01

Free Chloride Content Determination Using Total and Bound Chloride in Cement Pastes

Farzaneh Nosouhian, Ananya Markandeya, Maria Cardoso, Carolina Paez, Moiz Khozema, Christopher L. Alexander

Publisher page

Abstract

No abstract is available for this record. The assistant can identify its topic from the title, but cannot infer the study’s results.

Source: Not provided · Quality: missing

Affiliations

Univ. of Central Florida

Univ. of California, Davis

Univ. of South Florida

University of South Florida

References (43)

Show source-provided references
1. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.12020410.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120204 ↗
2. 10.1007/s10800-009-0029-610.1007/s10800-009-0029-6 ↗
3. 10.1016/0008-8846(90)90083-A10.1016/0008-8846(90)90083-A ↗
4. 10.1007/BF0247271010.1007/BF02472710 ↗
5. ASTM. 2012a. Standard test method for acid-soluble chloride in mortar and concrete. ASTM C1152/C1152M-04 (Reapproved 2012). West Conshohocken PA: ASTM.
6. ASTM. 2012b. Standard test method for water-soluble chloride in mortar and concrete. ASTM C1218/C1218M – 99 (Reapproved 2008). West Conshohocken PA: ASTM.
7. ASTM. 2014. Standard practice for mechanical mixing of hydraulic cement pastes and mortars of plastic consistency. ASTM C305-14. West Conshohocken PA: ASTM.
8. ASTM. 2016. Standard test method for determining the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient of cementitious mixtures by bulk diffusion. ASTM C1556-11a (Reapproved 2016). West Conshohocken PA: ASTM.
9. 10.1533/978184569043410.1533/9781845690434 ↗
10. 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.03.01110.1016/j.cemconres.2004.03.011 ↗
11. 10.1007/BF0248218110.1007/BF02482181 ↗
12. 10.1007/BF0248212410.1007/BF02482124 ↗
13. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.21210.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.212 ↗
14. 10.1007/BF0247959410.1007/BF02479594 ↗
15. 10.1016/S1065-7355(97)90003-110.1016/S1065-7355(97)90003-1 ↗
16. 10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.10728710.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107287 ↗
17. EMPA (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology). n.d. CEMDATA14: A thermodynamic database for hydrated Portland cements. Dübendorf Switzerland: EMPA.
18. FDOT (Florida DOT). 2018. Florida method of test for determining low-levels of chloride in concrete and raw materials. Tallahassee, FL: FDOT, State Materials Office.
19. Fjendbo, S., H. E. Sørensen, K. De Weerdt, and M. R. Geiker. 2021. “The square root method for chloride ingress prediction—Applicability and limitations.” Mater. Struct. 54 (1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-021-01643-8.
20. 10.1080/23789689.2021.195107910.1080/23789689.2021.1951079 ↗
21. 10.1016/S0010-938X(99)00083-910.1016/S0010-938X(99)00083-9 ↗
22. 10.1016/0008-8846(85)90153-X10.1016/0008-8846(85)90153-X ↗
23. 10.1524/ract.2002.90.9-11_2002.80510.1524/ract.2002.90.9-11_2002.805 ↗
24. JCI (Japan Concrete Institute). 2003. Standard for test method of chloride ion content in concrete. JCI-SC4. Tokyo: JCI.
25. 10.1617/s11527-018-1295-810.1617/s11527-018-1295-8 ↗
26. 10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00664-010.1016/S0008-8846(01)00664-0 ↗
27. 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00339-210.1016/S0008-8846(00)00339-2 ↗
28. 10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00065-610.1016/S0008-8846(03)00065-6 ↗
29. Nilsson, L. O. 2022. “Models for chloride ingress—An overview.” In Vol. 37 of Benchmarking chloride ingress models on real-life case studies—Marine submerged and road sprayed concrete structures. RILEM state-of-the-art reports, edited by E. Koenders, K. Imamoto, and A. Soive, 11–35. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96422-1_2.
30. Pargar, F., D. A. Koleva, and K. van Breugel. 2019. “Determination of chloride content in cement-based materials: Comparison of results derived by conventional methods and chloride sensor readings.” Heron 64 (1–2): 165–188.
31. Poulsen, E., and L. Mejlbro. 2010. Diffusion of chloride in concrete: Theory and application. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.
32. Ramachandran, V. S., R. F. Feldman, and J. J. Beaudoin. 1981. Concrete science. London: Heyden & Sons.
33. 10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.02.00310.1016/j.cemconres.2017.02.003 ↗
34. 10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.10586410.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105864 ↗
35. 10.1016/0008-8846(93)90089-R10.1016/0008-8846(93)90089-R ↗
36. 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.01.00110.1016/j.cemconres.2011.01.001 ↗
37. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.19710.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.197 ↗
38. Trejo, D., N. P. Vaddey, and M. Shakouri. 2019. “Factors influencing chloride test results of cementitious systems.” ACI Mater. J. 116 (1): 135–145. https://doi.org/10.14359/51712240.
39. Tuutti K. 1982. “Corrosion of steel in concrete.” Doctoral thesis Div. of Building Materials Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute.
40. Vaddey, N. P., M. Shakouri, and D. Trejo. 2020. “Predicting chloride testing outcome of different cementitious systems.” ACI Mater. J. 117 (1): 139–151. https://doi.org/10.14359/51719149.
41. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.02.00410.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.02.004 ↗
42. Zibara, H. 2001. Binding of external chlorides by cement pastes. Toronto, ON, Canada: Univ. of Toronto.
43. 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.02410.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.024 ↗