Development of a Kinetic Model and Investigation of the Subgrain Rotation Nucleation Mechanism during Static Recrystallization of 2A14 Aluminum Alloy

1. W. Yu, L. Zhan, Y. Xu, K. Chen, Y. Yang, L. Xu, N. Peng, B. Ma, C. Liu, and Z. Chen, Temperature-Dependent Creep Aging Behavior of 2A14 Aluminum Alloy, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2022, 19, p 1343–1354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.05.10910.1016/j.jmrt.2022.05.109 ↗

2. Y. Zhang, J. Jiang, Y. Wang, G. Xiao, Y. Liu, and M. Huang, Recrystallization Process of Hot-Extruded 6A02 Aluminum Alloy in Solid and Semi-Solid Temperature Ranges, J. Alloys Compd., 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.16231110.1016/j.jallcom.2021.162311 ↗

3. Y.-Z. Liu, J.-F. Jiang, Y. Zhang, M.-J. Huang, J. Dong, and Y. Wang, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Directly Thixoforged Complex Box-Shape 2A14 Part with Large Wall-Thickness Difference, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2024, 34(12), p 3876–3892. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(24)66645-810.1016/s1003-6326(24)66645-8 ↗

4. S.-S. Li, F. Qiu, H.-Y. Yang, S. Liu, T.-S. Liu, L.-Y. Chen, and Q.-C. Jiang, Strengthening of Dislocation and Precipitation for High Strength and Toughness Casting Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloy Via Trace TiB2+TiC Particles, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.14410710.1016/j.msea.2022.144107 ↗

5. H. Zhang, B. Guo, X. Zhao, and C. Chen, Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of 2A12 Aluminum Alloys by High Frequency Impacting and Rooling, CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol., 2023, 41, p 328–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2023.01.00110.1016/j.cirpj.2023.01.001 ↗

6. B. Lin, R. Xu, H. Li, H. Xiao, W. Zhang, and S. Li, Development of High Fe Content Squeeze cast 2A16 Wrought Al alloys with Enhanced Mechanical Properties at Room and Elevated Temperatures, Mater Charact, 2018, 142, p 389–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.06.00910.1016/j.matchar.2018.06.009 ↗

7. S. Hu and J. Li, Interaction Between Screw Dislocation and Interfacial Crack in Fine-Grained Piezoelectric Coatings under Steady-State Thermal Loading, Appl. Sci., 2021, 11(24), 11922. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11241192210.3390/app112411922 ↗

8. C. Zhang, C. Wang, R. Guo, G. Zhao, L. Chen, W. Sun, and X. Wang, Investigation of Dynamic Recrystallization and Modeling of Microstructure Evolution of an Al-Mg-Si Aluminum Alloy during High-Temperature Deformation, J. Alloys Compd., 2019, 773, p 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.26310.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.263 ↗

9. J. Zhang, Y. Yi, H. He, S. Huang, X. Mao, W. Guo, W. You, Y. Guo, F. Dong, and J. Tang, Kinetic Model For Describing Continuous and Discontinuous Dynamic Recrystallization Behaviors of 2195 Aluminum Alloy during Hot Deformation, Mater Charact, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.11149210.1016/j.matchar.2021.111492 ↗

10. D.-f Li, D.-z Zhang, S.-d Liu, Z.-j Shan, X.-m Zhang, Q. Wang, and S.-q Han, Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of 7085 Aluminum Alloy during Hot Deformation, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2016, 26(6), p 1491–1497. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(16)64254-110.1016/s1003-6326(16)64254-1 ↗

11. J.-f Leng, B.-h Ren, Q.-b Zhou, and J.-w Zhao, Effect of Sc and Zr on Recrystallization Behavior of 7075 Aluminum Alloy, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2021, 31(9), p 2545–2557. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(21)65674-110.1016/s1003-6326(21)65674-1 ↗

12. R. Luo, Y. Cao, H. Bian, L. Chen, C.-T. Peng, F. Cao, L. Ouyang, Y. Qiu, Y. Xu, A. Chiba, and X. Cheng, Hot Workability and Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of a Spray Formed 7055 Aluminum Alloy, Mater Charact, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.11120310.1016/j.matchar.2021.111203 ↗

13. L. Li, B.-C. Suh, J.-S. Suh, C. Kim, Y. Go, and Y.M. Kim, Static Recrystallization Behavior of the Cold-Rolled Mg-1Al-1Zn-0.1Ca-0.2Y Magnesium Alloy Sheet, J. Alloys Compd., 2023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.16850810.1016/j.jallcom.2022.168508 ↗

14. A. Gupta, L. Kaushik, S. Pawar, J.-H. Kang, S.-H. Choi, and J. Singh, Revealing the Inhomogeneous Nature of Microstructure and Texture Evolution in the Cold-Rolled CoCrFeMnNi Alloy during Static Recrystallization, J. Alloys Compd., 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.17472710.1016/j.jallcom.2024.174727 ↗

15. Z. Tian, S. Gao, S. Jing, and J. Li, Reliability and Fatigue Life Analysis of Key Parts of Shearer, Eng. Fail. Anal., 2022, 138, 106357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.10635710.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106357 ↗

16. P. Zhou and Q.-X. Ma, Static Recrystallization Behavior of 25crmo4 Mirror Plate Steel during Two-Pass Hot Deformation, J. Iron. Steel Res. Int., 2017, 24(2), p 222–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(17)30031-610.1016/s1006-706x(17)30031-6 ↗

17. W. Hui-Hua, Q. Feng-Ming, and C. Hui-Qin, Micro-Mechanism of Static Softening of High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel, Metall. Res. Technol., 2024 https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/202407110.1051/metal/2024071 ↗

18. Y.C. Lin, M.-S. Chen, and J. Zhong, Study of Static Recrystallization Kinetics in a Low Alloy Steel, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2008, 44(2), p 316–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2008.03.02710.1016/j.commatsci.2008.03.027 ↗

19. T.-S. Liu, B.-X. Dong, H.-Y. Yang, F. Qiu, S.-L. Shu, and Q.-C. Jiang, Review on Role of Intermetallic and Ceramic Particles in Recrystallization Driving Force and Microstructure of Wrought Al Alloys, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2023, 27, p 3374–3395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.10.09810.1016/j.jmrt.2023.10.098 ↗

20. C.-N. Lin, Y.-C. Tzeng, S.-L. Lee, A.-H. Tan, Y.-K. Fuh, A. Łukaszek-Sołek, and C.-Y. Lin, Microstructure Evolution and Zener-Hollomon Parameter Analysis as-Extruded 7005 Aluminum Alloy during Hot Deformation, Mater. Today Commun., 2023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.10760410.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.107604 ↗

21. M. Zhao, L. Huang, R. Zeng, D. Wen, H. Su, and J. Li, In-Situ Observations and Modeling of Static Recrystallization in 300 M Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.13830010.1016/j.msea.2019.138300 ↗

22. X.-h Wang, Z.-b Liu, J.-x Liang, Z.-y Yang, Y.-q Sun, C.-j Wang, and Y. Qi, A Study on the Static Recrystallization Behavior of an Ultrahigh-Strength Stainless Steel, Materials Research Express, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abfb0b10.1088/2053-1591/abfb0b ↗

23. M. Luo, B. Zhou, R.-B. Li, C. Xu, and Y.-H. Guo, Static Recrystallization Behavior of Z12CN13 Martensite Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2017, 26(9), p 4157–4165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2847-810.1007/s11665-017-2847-8 ↗

24. S.-b Qiao, X.-k He, C.-s Xie, and Z.-d Liu, Static Recrystallization Behavior of SA508Gr.4N Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel during Hot Compressive Deformation, J. Iron. Steel Res. Int., 2021, 28(5), p 604–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-020-00536-410.1007/s42243-020-00536-4 ↗

25. F. Chen, D. Sui, and Z. Cui, Static Recrystallization of 30Cr2Ni4MoV Ultra-Super-Critical Rotor Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2014, 23(8), p 3034–3041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-1083-810.1007/s11665-014-1083-8 ↗

26. Z.-Q. Li, D.-C. Wang, Y.-W. Zhai, C. Jiang, L.-Y. Zhou, Z.-G. Zhou, H.-Z. Wang, Z.-B. Zhang, L. Yan, L.-P. Wang, and G. Yu, Microstructure and Microtexture Evolution Characteristics of a Powder Metallurgy Ni-Based Superalloy during Static Recrystallization, J. Iron. Steel Res. Int., 2024, 31(9), p 2308–2325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-024-01217-210.1007/s42243-024-01217-2 ↗

27. M. Bo, P. Yan, J. Bin, and L. Yun-fei, Static Recrystallization Kinetics Model After Hot Deformation of Low-Alloy Steel Q345B, J. Iron. Steel Res. Int., 2010, 17(8), p 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-706X(10)60130-610.1016/S1006-706X(10)60130-6 ↗

28. M. Somani, S. Ghosh, J. Uusitalo, F. Hoffmann, M. Muratori, A. Smith, and A.W. Abdelghany, Static Recrystallization Characteristics and Kinetics of Austenitic Stainless Steels under Development for LH2 Storage Applications, Mater. Des., 2025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2025.11475010.1016/j.matdes.2025.114750 ↗

29. D.Q. Dong, F. Chen, and Z.S. Cui, Static Recrystallization Behavior of SA508-III Steel during Hot Deformation, J. Iron. Steel Res. Int., 2016, 23(5), p 466–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-706X(16)30074-710.1016/S1006-706X(16)30074-7 ↗

30. D.T. Pierce, J.A. Jiménez, J. Bentley, D. Raabe, and J.E. Wittig, The Influence of Stacking Fault Energy on the Microstructural and Strain-Hardening Evolution of Fe–Mn–Al–Si Steels during Tensile Deformation, Acta Mater., 2015, 100, p 178–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.08.03010.1016/j.actamat.2015.08.030 ↗

31. S.A. Kareem, J.U. Anaele, E.O. Aikulola, O.F. Olanrewaju, B.O. Omiyale, S.O. Falana, S.R. Oke, and M.O. Bodunrin, Hot Deformation Behavior of Aluminum Alloys: A Comprehensive Review on Deformation Mechanism, Processing Maps Analysis and Constitutive Model Description, Mater. Today Commun., 2025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.11200410.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.112004 ↗

32. H. Li, Y. Huang, and Y. Liu, Dynamic Recrystallization Mechanisms of as-Forged Al–Zn–Mg-(Cu) Aluminum Alloy during Hot Compression Deformation, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.14523610.1016/j.msea.2023.145236 ↗

33. G. Zou, R. Zhang, W. Wang, J. Li, and L. Ye, Understanding Effects of Deformation Parameters on Dynamic Recrystallization-Dependent Superplasticity in an Al-Cu-Li Alloy, Mater. Des., 2025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2025.11373410.1016/j.matdes.2025.113734 ↗

34. J. Zhang, Y. Yi, S. Huang, X. Mao, H. He, J. Tang, W. Guo, and F. Dong, Dynamic Recrystallization Mechanisms of 2195 Aluminum Alloy during Medium/High Temperature Compression Deformation, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.14065010.1016/j.msea.2020.140650 ↗

35. S. Ding, S.A. Khan, and J. Yanagimoto, Flow Behavior and Dynamic Recrystallization Mechanism of A5083 Aluminum Alloys with Different Initial Microstructures during Hot Compression, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.13952210.1016/j.msea.2020.139522 ↗

36. Z. Li, Q. Qi, Y. Gao, H. Chen, F. Chen, and Y. Jiao, Kinetic Modeling and Grain Refinement Mechanisms during Static Recrystallization of GH4169 Superalloy, Mater. Today Commun., 2025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.11409510.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.114095 ↗

37. Z. Li, D. Wang, L. Wang, C. Jiang, L. Zhou, Z. Zhou, H. Wang, Z. Zhang, and Y. Zhai, Microstructure Evolution Characteristics of a Powder Metallurgy Ni-Based Superalloy During Hot Deformation, Mater. Today Commun., 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.10862610.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.108626 ↗

38. Y. Xia, X. Du, Y. Zeng, H. Zou, W. Yang, and D. Zheng, Twining Evolution and Dynamic Recrystallization Mechanism in GH4706 Alloy during Hot Deformation, Intermetallics, 2025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2025.10875810.1016/j.intermet.2025.108758 ↗

39. J. Li, X. An, T. Wang, E. Zhu, and F. Li, Thermal Deformation Behavior and Dynamic Recrystallization Mechanism of GH4065A Alloy Considering the Effect of γ′ Phase, Intermetallics, 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2024.10854510.1016/j.intermet.2024.108545 ↗

40. Y. Jiao, Q. Qi, X. Zhu, Y. Gong, Y. Gao, H. Chen, F. Chen, and X. Wang, Coupled Mechanisms of Grain Refinement through Subgrain Formation and Lattice Rotation During Recrystallization of GH4169 Alloy, J. Alloys Comp., 2025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.18075110.1016/j.jallcom.2025.180751 ↗

41. P. Zhou, J. Tong, W. He, H. Chen, W. Xie, H. Wang, and B. Yang, Static Recrystallization Behavior and Strengthening Mechanism of a Single-Phase Cu–18Ni–17Zn Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2024.14685410.1016/j.msea.2024.146854 ↗

42. X. Feng, Y. Wang, Q. Huang, H. Liu, and Z. Zhang, The dynamic Recrystallization Microstructure Characteristics and the Effects on Static Recrystallization and Mechanical Properties of Al–Mg–Si Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2024.14645410.1016/j.msea.2024.146454 ↗

43. P.F. Gao, Z.P. Ren, M. Zhan, and L. Xing, Tailoring of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Flow Formed Aluminum Alloy Sheet, J. Alloys Compd., 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.16713910.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167139 ↗